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Water and Energy

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in areas that experience frequent power outages. Biogas is a ‘green’ energy source and therefore generating power and heat from burning it can potentially reduce GHG emissions and other air pollutants (if it replaces fossil fuels). Due to its benefits, implementation of CHP plants at wastewater treatment plants is growing in popularity as a way to reduce environmental impacts and increase efficiency. In the USA, there are 104 wastewater treatment plants using biogas to produce a total of 190 MW capacity (US EPA, 2011). 5.3 Moving forward The complex interlinkages between water and energy systems requires a more systematic approach that takes into account the multiple interactions and relationships between domains, and explores strategic complementarities and potential synergies across all sectors. Energy and water planning must be better integrated to optimize investments and avoid inefficiencies. Similarly, cross-sectoral implications need to be better understood. In addition to taking water constraints in the energy sector into account when undertaking power expansion plans, there are many opportunities for joint development and management of water and energy infrastructure and technologies, maximizing co-benefits and minimizing negative trade- offs. When assessing the needs of the energy sector, water planners and decision-makers must fully understand the requirements of electricity generation and fuel extraction technologies and their potential impact on the resource. Similarly, energy planners and investors must take into account the complexities of the hydrological cycle and other competing uses when assessing plans and investments. One way of ensuring robust planning efforts is by implementing technical approaches and reforming When assessing the needs of the energy sector, water planners and decision-makers must fully understand the requirements of electricity generation and fuel extraction technologies and their potential impact on the resource. Similarly, energy planners and investors must take into account the complexities of the hydrological cycle and other competing uses when assessing plans and investments. governing institutions. Technical approaches may include (but are not limited to) the ones described in this chapter. Institutional reform requires integrated planning and cross-sectoral communication to bolster efforts to mitigate inefficiencies in the energy–water nexus, and must be achieved before technical solutions can be successfully adapted. An integrated energy and water planning approach can ensure that both resources are developed sustainably, and that synergies are explored more effectively. Meeting future demands requires innovative approaches that encourage cross-sectoral cooperation and help to better assess water and energy trade-offs at the national and regional levels. WWDR 2014 INFRASTRUCTURE 53

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