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6 Food and agriculture FAO Editor: Jippe Hoogeveen (Land and Water Division [NRL], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]; Contributors: Robina Wahaj (NRL, FAO), Irini Maltsoglou (Climate, Energy and Tenure Division [NRC], FAO), James Thurlow (International Food Policy Research Institute [IFPRI]), Olivier Dubois (NRC, FAO), Devin Bartley (Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources Use and Conservation Division [FIR], FAO), Thomas Hofer (Forest Assessment, Management and Conservation Division [FOM], FAO), Thierry Facon (Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific [RAP], FAO), Giovanni Munoz (Investment Centre Division [TCI], FAO), Ines Beernaerts (Sub-regional Office for Central Asia [SEC], FAO), Zhijun Chen (TCI, FAO) and Pasquale Steduto (Regional Office for the Near East [RNE], FAO) 6.1 The water–energy–food nexus Water, energy and food are inextricably linked. Water is an input for producing agricultural goods in the fields and along the entire agrifood supply chain. Energy is required to produce and distribute water and food: to pump water from groundwater or surface water sources, to power tractors and irrigation machinery, and to process and transport agricultural goods. Agriculture is currently the largest user of water at the global level, accounting for 70% of total withdrawal. The food production and supply chain accounts for about 30% of total global energy consumption (FAO, 2011b). There are many synergies and trade-offs between water and energy use and food production. Using water to irrigate crops might promote food production but it can also reduce river flows and hydropower potential. Growing bioenergy crops under irrigated agriculture can increase overall water withdrawals and jeopardize food security. Converting surface irrigation into high efficiency pressurized irrigation may save water but may also result in higher energy use. Recognizing these synergies and balancing these trade-offs is central to jointly ensuring water, energy and food security. This chapter considers the implications of water and energy for food security by focusing on irrigation, hydropower and biofuels. 6.2 The effects of increasing food demand on water and energy An estimated 870 million people are undernourished due to a lack of food or a lack of access to food (FAO, 2013a). Demographic projections suggest that world population will increase by a third – to 9.3 billion – by 2050 (UNDESA, 2012). Most of this increase will occur in developing countries, where population growth will be coupled with rising incomes, urbanization and climate change to place considerable pressure on national and global food systems. Estimates suggest that global food production will need to increase by as much as 60% by 2050 to meet demand (FAO, 2012). Achieving such a dramatic increase is a formidable challenge. Agriculture currently uses 11% of the world’s land surface, and irrigated agriculture uses 70% of all water withdrawals on a global scale. Rainfed agriculture is the predominant agricultural production system around the world, and its current productivity is, on average, little more than half the potential obtainable under optimal agricultural management. Water scarcity and decreasing availability of water for agriculture constrain irrigated production overall, and particularly in the most hydrologically stressed areas and countries. As many key food production systems depend on groundwater, declining aquifer levels and the depletion of non-renewable groundwater put local and global food production at risk (Section 2.4). Increasing food production is not, on its own, sufficient to achieve food security and eradicate hunger. Hunger can persist in the midst of adequate national and global food supplies. Efforts to promote food production must be complemented by policies that enhance household access to food, either by creating employment and income opportunities or by establishing effective safety net programmes. The experiences of countries like Brazil and China, which have undergone strong economic growth and succeeded in significantly reducing hunger and malnutrition, show that economic growth alone does not automatically ensure food security – the source of the growth matters too, along with the distribution of the economic gains and social benefits. Growth originating in agriculture, in particular in the smallholder sector, is at least twice as effective as growth in 54 CHAPTER 6 THEMATIC FOCUS CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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