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non-agricultural sectors in benefiting the poorest members of society in rural areas (FAO, 2009a). Access to modern energy services is extremely problematic for households in many developing countries, particularly in rural areas. The IEA estimates that one-fifth of the world’s population lacks access to electricity and that two- fifths rely on traditional biomass for cooking – a cause of severe indoor air pollution, which affects women in particular (Table 1.1). Rural electrification can address these issues and boost rural economies, in turn increasing household food security. It also frees up time spent by household members – mostly women and girls – in collecting the biomass. To meet rising household energy demands, an especially difficult challenge in rural areas, new energy sources must be found that are technically, economically and environmentally viable (Box 6.1). 6.3 Water for energy and the linkages to food security Hydroelectricity generation is one way to help meet future energy demands. Multi-purpose dams can provide energy as well as water for irrigation and flood management. However, water demand for energy production can be in conflict with water demand for agriculture. In Central Asia, dams in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan once collected water in autumn and winter that was released in spring and summer to irrigate cotton and wheat in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Upstream countries were compensated for this water by cheap oil and gas from downstream countries. However, As groundwater irrigation, in general, provides greater flexibility than other types in responding to fluctuating water demands, its relative importance is likely to increase in the future rising energy prices made it beneficial for upstream countries to generate more hydropower in winter by releasing water that could not then be used for irrigation. As a result, downstream countries, maintaining the same crop and production patterns, had insufficient water in summer to satisfy agricultural demand. Dam and reservoir management procedures, cropping patterns, irrigation practices and compensation packages that are agreeable to all countries involved have not yet been achieved (FAO, 2013b). There are concerns that this situation may prompt nations like Uzbekistan to start considering alternative water sources for irrigation, such as groundwater (Karimova et al., 2010). The benefits of hydropower generation do not always flow to the people who depend on rivers for their livelihoods (WCD, 2000). The creation of reservoirs has displaced millions of people throughout the world. Damming rivers to produce energy can have adverse impacts on important 6.1 Renewable energy technologies for improved irrigation efficiency help women farmers Renewable energy technologies are already helping communities, women and men, to meet water, fuel and food security needs in clean and cost-efficient ways. In Mozambique, the UN Joint Programme on Environmental Mainstreaming and Adaption to Climate Change (FAO, UNDP, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNIDO, WFP) supported the installation of renewable energy systems for water, irrigation and electricity in seven different communities, and built the capacities of community members to maintain the systems. By providing marginalized communities with renewable energies and clean, accessible drinking water, women’s lives were transformed by lessening the burden of fetching unsafe water and increasing opportunities for income generation and other pursuits. Due to the project’s very positive impact, the Government of Mozambique and the National Energy Fund (FUNAE) have replicated its best practices and have rolled out the initiative in other rural communities (see http://mdgfund.org for more information). Another example is the Solar Electric Light Fund’s (SELF) Solar Market Gardens in Benin that use solar-powered drip irrigation systems to help women farmers in remote, arid regions grow crops during the dry season. With drip irrigation – a proven efficient and labour-saving technology that delivers water directly to plant roots and facilitates simple and uniform fertilizer application – farmers can achieve higher yields over larger areas with less water and labour. The initiative reduces greenhouse emissions while allowing women farmers to increase their income and improve food security for their families (see http://self.org for more information). Source: UN Women. WWDR 2014 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 55 BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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