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6.5 Biofuels, water and food security linkages Biomass can be used to produce a range of fuels that can be used for heating, power generation and transport (Section 3.2.2). Biofuels have, in certain contexts, the potential to provide a cleaner alternative energy source to fossil fuels. Many developing countries have considerable prospects to raise agricultural productivity, and biofuels could help achieve broader rural development. Bioenergy investments can be arranged so that they not only generate profits for investors, but also involve smallholders, thereby creating jobs, improving livelihoods and reducing poverty in rural areas. Feedstock production through a combination of large-scale plantation farming and smallholder outgrower schemes is an example of such an arrangement. Smallholder outgrower schemes used to produce biofuel crops can also benefit other crops if they deliver modern seed material and agro-chemical inputs, improve farming practices and provide marketing support. Optimism over biofuels is tempered by concerns over their economic viability and their implications for socio- economic development, food security and environmental sustainability (Section 9.2.2). Although bioenergy investment can improve income, employment and market access, it can have negative consequences for traditional land tenure arrangements. This is particularly the case 6.1 Indicative yields and water requirements for some major biofuel crops Crop Fuel product Annual obtainable yield (L/ha) Energy yield (GJ/ha) Potential crop evapo- transpiration (in mm, indicative) Evapo- transpiration (L/L fuel) Irrigated or rainfed production Rainfed conditions Water resource implications under irrigated conditions (assuming an irrigation efficiency of 50%) Actual rainfed crop evapotrans- piration (in mm, indicative) Irrigation water used (in mm, indicative) Irrigation water used (in L/L fuel, indicative) Sugar- cane Ethanol (from sugar) 6 000 120 1 400 2 000 Irrigated/ rainfed 1 100 600 1 000 Sugar beet Ethanol (from sugar) 7 000 140 650 786 Irrigated/ rainfed 450 400 571 Cassava Ethanol (from starch) 4 000 80 1 000 2 250 Rainfed 900 – – Maize Ethanol (from starch) 3 500 70 550 1 360 Irrigated/ rainfed 400 300 857 Winter wheat Ethanol (from starch) 2 000 40 300 1 500 Rainfed 300 – – Palm oil Bio- diesel 6 000 193 1 500 2 360 Rainfed 1 300 – – Rapeseed/ mustard Bio- diesel 1 200 42 500 3 330 Rainfed 400 – – Soybean Bio- diesel 450 14 500 10 000 Rainfed 400 – – Note: 1 GJ/h = 277.8 kW. Source: Hoogeveen et al. (2009, table II, p. S153, adapted from source cited therein). WWDR 2014 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 57 TABLEPDF Image | Water and Energy
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