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If bioenergy feedstock is produced on irrigated lands, then the potential impact of biofuels on water resources is also of major concern. This is most relevant for commercial feedstock production. Biofuels use water for both feedstock production and processing stages. Consequently, the water requirements of biofuels produced from irrigated crops can be much larger than for fossil fuel resources (Figure 3.1), although fossil fuels can have much larger environmental impacts. Table 6.1 presents the variability of yields across crop types and provides indicative water requirement levels of rainfed and irrigated crops. Table 6.2 illustrates water requirements along the entire biofuel production chain. Although the water footprint of second generation biofuels (e.g. from non-edible crops, crop residue and algae) could be much lower, production remains almost entirely at the pilot- project level. Overall, biofuel development needs to be considered in the context of food security, energy needs, land availability, and other national priorities. Biofuels are neither good nor bad and are subject to the same constraints and challenges as the rest of the agricultural sector. What is essential is that the biofuel options be viewed as an agriculture investment option that needs to be sustainable and smallholder inclusive in order to target poverty reduction and rural development and to safeguard food security. For both large and small systems, any means of avoiding food wastage should be encouraged and can result in considerable savings in the energy, land and water used to produce this food that no one consumes 6.6 Energy-smart agriculture Energy efficiency measures can be applied at all stages along the agrifood chain. Table 6.3 presents examples of energy efficient farming practices. Energy efficiency improvements can bring direct savings through technological or behavioural changes, or indirect savings through co-benefits derived from the adoption of agro- ecological farming practices. For both large and small systems, any means of avoiding food wastage should be encouraged and can result in considerable savings in the energy, land and water used to produce this food that no one consumes. Knowledge-based precision irrigation, which provides reliable and flexible water application, along with deficit irrigation and wastewater reuse, will be a major platform for sustainable crop production intensification (FAO, 6.3 Examples of energy efficiency improvements at the farm level Direct intervention Indirect intervention Adoption and maintenance of fuel efficient engines Precise water application Precision farming for fertilizers Adoption of no-till practices Energy efficient buildings Heat management of greenhouses Propeller design of fishing vessels Use of high efficiency pumps (high cost) Improved water allocation and management of water demand Improved surface water delivery to reduce the need for pumping Provision of water services for multiple water use Reduced water losses Crop varieties and animal breeds that demand less input (including multipurpose crops and perennials) Reduced soil erosion Use of bio-fertilizer Efficient machinery manufacture Identification of stock locations and markets by information and communications technology Source: Adapted from FAO (2011b, table 5, p. 20). WWDR 2014 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 59 TABLEPDF Image | Water and Energy
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