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7.1 Cities leading the way in water and energy conservation Windhoek, in the heart of Namibia, the most arid country in sub-Saharan Africa, is successfully applying integrated urban water management, which includes diversifying its water sources and recycling wastewater to meet its water needs. More than 40 years ago, in 1969, the city established the Goreangab reclamation plant, which supplied 10% to 15% of the city’s daily demand for potable water. In 2002, the city established another plant. Today, 26% of the water supplied in the city is recycled sewage. In 1993, Windhoek installed a dual pipe system to irrigate all municipal parks, gardens and sports fields with semi-purified sewage effluent, thus reducing potable water demand by 5% to 7%. In 1997, the city started recharging its aquifer, which enabled the city to survive for two years without any surface water. Reduction of water demand and reclamation of wastewater has enabled Windhoek to sustain its water supply system and reduce energy consumption related to transportation of water over very long distances and treatment of water from alternative sources such as seawater. From Trepper (2012) and Jacobsen et al. (2013). Chennai, like most Indian cities, is struggling to meet the thirst of its eight million people. In the absence of perennial rivers, the city has traditionally depended on the rain that it captures in lakes, ponds and aquifers. While the city continues to keep an eye on distant rivers, it is also experimenting with innovative options such as rainwater harvesting, sewage recycling and desalination to avoid the high energy costs associated with transporting water over long distances. Following two consecutive drought years in 2002 and 2003, the city managed to develop India’s most successful rainwater harvesting programme by making rainwater harvesting mandatory in all houses. It is also the first city in India to recycle sewage and has now started venturing into desalination. It is estimated that about 75% of the houses in the city now have rainwater harvesting and recharging systems and a study conducted in 2007 found that the groundwater table in the city had risen by almost 50%, from an average of 6.18 m in 2004 to an average of 3.45 m in 2007. MetroWater, Chennai’s water supply and sewerage authority, earns INR120 million per year by selling sewage to the Chennai Petroleum Company, which in turn treats the sewage in its 41 million litres per day capacity reverse osmosis plant and turns it into water for its use. The company has found reclaiming sewage to be a more reliable and cost-effective option than other sources. Overall in 2008−2009, only 12% of MetroWater’s total cost was for electricity, which is much lower than most other Indian cities. From Narain and Srinivasan (2012). In 2010–2011, Sydney Water’s renewable energy plants generated almost 15% of the utility’s energy needs and it is committed to becoming carbon neutral for energy use by 2020. Sydney Water currently supports four different renewable energy technologies. Biogas is captured and converted into electricity to power its wastewater treatment plants. Similarly, treated wastewater is used to generate hydropower as it passes down a large drop shaft on its way to a deep ocean outfall. It uses photovoltaic solar energy to generate electricity and solar heaters for hot water. It also uses wind energy; the power requirements of its desalination plant are offset by the energy produced by the Capital Wind Farm near Queanbeyan. From Sydney Water (n.d.). Source: UN-Habitat. 7.2 Conservation of water sources In October 2012, when Hurricane Sandy swept through north-eastern USA, New Yorkers were left for days without electricity, but they continued to have access to water, thanks to New York City’s efforts to invest in the Catskill/Delaware forests and wetlands instead of energy intensive water treatment plants (WWAP, 2009, ch. 14). The city saved US$4 billion to $6 billion on the cost of water treatment plants by protecting forests and compensating farmers in the Catskill Mountains for reducing pollution in lakes and streams (Leahy, 2013). More than 200 cities and regions around the world have invested in conserving their watersheds and using natural infrastructure to provide essential ecosystem services. In 2011, more than $US8 billion was invested globally in watershed projects; China led the way with 91% of this sum (Bennett et al., 2013). Investment in watersheds ensures regular supply of freshwater and reduces the need to invest in expensive and energy intensive alternative sources. As conveyance over long distances and use of advance water treatment are the most energy intensive components of water and wastewater management systems, the application of integrated urban water management options such as watershed management results in reduced energy demand. Source: UN-Habitat. WWDR 2014 CITIES 67 BOx BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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