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increased by 157% (IEA, 2012c). The IEA predicts that global energy demand will increase by about one-third by 2035, with the non-OECD component increasing to 65% (IEA, 2012a), indicating that the amount of industrial energy use varies with the type of economy. The OECD predicts that by 2050 global water demand will increase by 55% and within that, manufacturing’s share, though not the largest, will increase by 400%, with the largest component coming from the BRICS countries (OECD, 2012b). For Asia, a 65% increase in industrial water use is forecast between 2000 and 2030 (WEF, 2009). 8.2.2 Water quality and energy Different industrial processes are able to use water of varying quality. Not all industrial production requires the ultra-pure water of the semiconductor industry or the high quality raw-material water of the food and beverage industry. However, some water treatment is required for cooling, condensing and steam. Further treatment is required for discharge: for example, in Canada, 38% of discharged industrial water is not treated, while 16%, 37% and 8% underwent primary, secondary or tertiary treatment, respectively (Statistics Canada, 2009). Industry can recycle its own water in heating and cooling, and may use reclaimed water from sources such as urban water supplies instead of freshwater abstraction. Specific industries report some water recycling data and, while global statistics are not widely available, it is reported that recirculated (recycled) water use, as a percentage of intake, is 53% in the Canadian manufacturing industry (Statistics Canada, 2009).21 Water treatment requires energy, and the amount of treatment needed increases as the quality of the source decreases. As shown in Figure 2.2 (Section 2.3), approximately twice as much energy is required to deliver treated water from wastewater as from a lake or river. For industry, the implication is that in terms of energy required, it may be more economical to extract water directly from a raw external source or treat wastewater to minimum standards for discharge, than to fully treat wastewater for reuse. 8.2.3 Industry in low income countries Globalization has led several manufacturing industries to move to lower income countries. Drivers for this trend have commonly been cheaper labour, favourable taxation, and less or lighter regulation and enforcement. Water intensive industries in regions with adequate water may be transferred to areas with less water, stressing local water supplies and local utilities (WWAP, 2003). New industry may contaminate vulnerable water supplies with 21 Similar statistics are not generally available for developing countries, and even for OECD countries, details of how much industrial water is treated and recycled are difficult to obtain. 8.1 Trends in water and energy use in tourism Tourism is one of the most promising drivers of growth for the world economy, but its development is accompanied by sustainability-related challenges. An investment of 0.2% of current global Gross Domestic Product (US$135 billion) per year between now and 2050 would allow the tourism sector to grow steadily, contributing to economic growth, employment and development while ensuring significant environmental benefits such as reductions in water consumption (18%), energy use (44%) and carbon dioxide emissions (52%) compared with a business-as-usual scenario (UNEP/UNWTO, 2012). To mobilize and maximize this tourism investment, small and medium-sized tourism enterprises need better access to tools and financing from governments and international organizations through public–private partnerships. Public policies and support such as subsidies to encourage private investment in green tourism would provide the conditions for the further development of sustainable tourism. Destination planning and development strategies are the first step towards the greening of tourism (UNEP/UNWTO, 2012). Initiatives such as the Hotel Energy Solutions (HES) project, initiated by UNWTO with the support of the European Union ‘Intelligent Energy Europe Programme’ and in close partnership with UNEP, IH&RA, EREC and ADEME, aim to increase energy efficiency in small and medium-sized hotels by 20% and increase their use of renewable energies by 10%, demonstrating that economic growth and sustainability can, and should, go hand in hand. The project helps to reduce hotel operational costs while increasing competitiveness and sustainability and assisting in alleviating the industry’s impact on climate change. Its principal asset is easy-to-use software – the HES E-toolkit – which allows hoteliers to assess current energy use and decide on the most advantageous technology investment solutions. Source: UNWTO. 70 CHAPTER 8 THEMATIC FOCUS BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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