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and energy intensity, expressed in terms of energy use per monetary unit, such as per unit of value added (UNIDO, 2010) or the amount of energy used to produce one unit of a commodity (UNIDO, 2008). 8.4 Forces influencing the use of water and energy in industry As described in Sections 2.1 and 3.1 of this report, water and energy have many of the same demand drivers. Principal among these are population growth, economic development and urbanization, and a growing middle class (Sarni and Stanislaw, 2012). Overarching these drivers is the challenge of policy and governance and their resulting fiscal and legal drivers. In the decision-making process for industrial location, water and energy needs compete for priority not just with each other but also with factors such as labour costs, availability of skilled labour, and access to raw materials, markets, suppliers, transportation, infrastructure, regulatory frameworks and centres of innovation (McKinsey & Company, 2012). 8.4.1 Population pressure and living standards Population growth and poverty reduction produce increased demands for water and manufactured goods, which means increased demand for energy, mainly as electricity. This trite point underlies many drivers that put demand pressure on water and energy. Globally, manufacturing output continues to grow in advanced economies by about 2.7% annually and by 7.4% in large developing economies (McKinsey & Company, 2012). Per capita use of water tends to increase with the higher standards of living associated with rising levels of industrial activity in developing countries (Goldman Sachs, 2008). The case is similar for energy. In developing countries, the growing industrial sector requires increasing energy – already more than 50% of the energy supply (UNIDO, 2008). 8.1 Primary energy use: All USA manufacturing Manufacturing Energy and Carbon Footprint Total Primary Energy Use: 21,972 TBtu Sector: All Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) Total Combustion Emissions: 1,261 MMT CO2e Total Energy Generation and Transmission Losses 6,161 21,972 9,011 Generation and Transmission Losses 318 1,173 Offsite Energy Fuel 618.6 Onsite Energy Electricity and Steam Generation Losses Process Losses 4,807 Nonprocess Losses 647 Onsite Generation 330.7 322.9 Process Energy 788.0 290.6 11,789 2,850 855 5,855 4,276 1,582 11,327 12,974 Electricity Generation 544.3 15,494 9,639 Nonprocess Energy 142.6 29.3 Steam Distribution 1,647 Losses 937 Steam Generation 74.3 1,261.3 642.8 67 Electricity Export Energy Use (TBtu = Trillion British Thermal Units) All Energy Fuel Electricity Steam Losses Combustion Emissions (MMT CO2e = Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide Equivalent) Offsite Total Onsite Total Emissions = Offsite Emissions + Onsite Emissions Source: US DOE (n.d.). Energy use data source: Last Revised: Notes: 2006 MECS (with adjustments) October 2012 Feedstock energy not included Energy values <0.5 TBtu shown as 0 Values represent aggregate data Offsite generation shown on net basis Prepared for the Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) by Energetics Incorporated 72 CHAPTER 8 THEMATIC FOCUS FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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