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In the short term, investments may be perceived as a high and risky cost in the light of longer term gains such as lower operation and maintenance costs. But many investments in water productivity have shown positive returns in as little as three years. may choose to expand capacity, which will generate more revenue, rather than improve efficiency (UNIDO, 2010). The opportunities in energy savings in industry translate to a potential 26% improvement worldwide based on benchmark data, and more than 75% in developing countries or economies in transition. This would result in a saving of 3% to 4% in total cost of production (UNIDO, 2010). Trade-offs may be difficult to see in monetary terms as a return on investment. When a company sees the opportunity to adopt new paradigms of CSR and commits to cleaner production and sustainability, there is a financial investment of time and materials. While this may lead to more profit, which is one measure, it is also intended to improve the company’s social licence to operate, which is intangible, like goodwill. Government and decision-makers are also faced with trade-offs, which are very different to those of industry because their constituency has many stakeholders with competing interests. In theory, IWRM takes account of industry’s requirements, balanced with the needs and interests of affected stakeholders and environmental concerns. Trade-offs are bound to be necessary, and dealing with them needs to be based on good data in the bigger picture. Industry generally recognizes that regulation will shape water economics and that regulators’ preferences can shape responses (McKinsey, 2009b). The same is also likely true for energy. 76 CHAPTER 8 THEMATIC FOCUSPDF Image | Water and Energy
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