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9 Ecosystems UNEP Thomas Chiramba, Elizabeth Khaka, Eric Hoa, Maite Aldaya, Djaheezah Subratty, Ryuichi Fukuhara (UNEP); Maija Berthule, Gareth James Lloyd (UNEP DHI); Rebecca Welling (IUCN); and Eline Boelee (Water Health) 9.1 Ecosystems as the foundation of the water– energy nexus The availability of adequate quantities of water, of sufficient quality, depends on healthy ecosystems and can be considered an ecosystem service (UNEP, 2011a). Looking at the world as a range of ecosystems (from pristine nature to intensive agriculture) and recognizing that ecosystems provide a variety of services to the water–energy nexus can help the management of trade- offs and ensure that short-term gains (e.g. in providing energy) do not undermine services critical for resilience and long-term environmental sustainability (Boelee et al., 2011). Maintaining environmental flows enables important ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustainable economic growth, human well-being and societal peace in shared river basins (UNEP-IRP, in press). Ecosystems provide the enabling environment for water flows as well as energy provision, and are impacted by many processes across the water–energy nexus. Where water is a source of energy, be it directly (e.g. hydropower) or indirectly (e.g. irrigated biofuels), healthy ecosystems 9.1 Simplified diagram of some major interlinkages between ecosystem services, energy and water Provisioning services, e.g • Food: crops, fish, livestock • Firewood • Biofuels • Transport Regulating services, e.g. • Water flow regulation • Pollination • Erosion regulation • Greenhouse gas regulation • Climate regulation Cultural services, e.g. • Aesthetics • Recreational fishing Supporting services, e.g. • Nutrient cycling • Soil formation o Long term: peat o Prehistoric: fossil fuels • Mitigation of climate change Note: Bold arrows indicate a major dependency; dashed arrows indicate major, usually negative, impacts; and shading indicates that water flows play a crucial role in these interactions. Categories of ecosystem services are according to MEA (2005). Source: UNEP. Bioenergy Hydropower Energy from fossil fuels WWDR 2014 ECOSYSTEMS 77 Healthy ecosystems FIGURE CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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