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deliver the services to sustain the production of that energy (Figure 9.1). At the same time, energy generation has an impact on ecosystems both directly (e.g. mining of fossil fuels in forested areas) and through the use of water for energy (e.g. hydropower dams that alter river ecology). 9.2 Energy, water and ecosystems: Dependencies and impacts Links between energy production, water and ecosystems are manifold (Table 9.1). Power generation plants are often located near rivers, as they require a regular supply of freshwater for cooling, and in the case of hydropower, water is used to drive electricity-generating turbines. The waste and warm water generated in thermal power plants can be treated by ecosystems through in-stream processes involving absorption, buffering, dilution and detoxification. At the same time, ecosystem services are being compromised worldwide, and energy production is one of the drivers of this process (WWF, 2012). Different forms of energy have, to a greater or lesser extent, an impact on water resources (Table 9.1). These impacts can be easier quantified and understood at smaller spatial scales due to the nature of water resources and the boundaries of water flows (GEA, 2012). Most energy production is heavily 9.1 Examples of water use for energy production and the related ecosystem services Type of energy source Example of water use Ecosystem services Depends on Impacts on Hydropower Electricity generation Water flow regulation upstream (R) Erosion regulation upstream (R) Climate regulation (S) Fisheries (P) Water flow regulation downstream (R) Sediment transport downstream (S) Recreation (C) Bioenergy Water use for irrigation of biofuel crops Water supply (P) Water flow regulation (R) Soil fertility (S) Pollination (R) Water flow regulation (R) Food production (P) Water quality (P) Water used for biomass Fossil fuels Extraction (e.g. exploration, hydraulic fracturing, shale processing, drilling equipment, dust suppression) Long-term soil formation (S) Nutrient cycling (S) Landscape (C) Erosion (R) Refining (e.g. coal washing, oil hydrogenation, gas purification) Water flow regulation (R) GHG regulation (R) Use GHG emissions (R) Thermal power generation (fossil, nuclear, concentrated solar power) Cooling Water flow regulation (R) Biodiversity (R) Aquatic ecosystem functions Waste disposal Almost all regulating and supporting services Ecosystem services: C, cultural; P, provisioning; R, regulating; S, supporting. GHG, greenhouse gas. Source: UNEP. 78 CHAPTER 9 THEMATIC FOCUS TABLEPDF Image | Water and Energy
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