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9.3.3 Strategic river basin development A common vision for economic development and environmental sustainability, achieved through approaches from consensus-building among stakeholders to integrated planning, can be the basis for strategic investments in multiple sectors (Krchnak et al., 2011). In response to frequent severe flooding in the Magdalena River basin, the Government of Colombia has given central importance to an ecosystem-based approach to regulating planning and development to make sure that future economic activity in the basin – especially hydropower and agriculture – is regulated to take into account river dynamics, flows, other water uses and adaptation to climate change. This key river basin produces 86% of the country’s GDP, 75% of its agricultural production and more than 90% of its lucrative coffee crop, as well as 70% of its hydropower and 90% of its thermal power. With its combination of natural and man-made infrastructure, the Magdalena provides a vast transportation network of interconnecting rivers, channels and canals that link producers to global markets (Krchnak et al., 2011). Strategic river basin planning can help build synergies between water, energy and environmental concerns (Pegram et al., 2013). 9.3.4 Sustainable dam management Throughout the various processes of energy provision, measures can be taken to reduce the impacts of water– energy interactions on ecosystems. Many methods have been developed to address the sustainability of hydropower, such as the Rapid Basin-wide Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Tool (RSAT)22 and the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP).23 The need for new dams could be reduced by retrofitting existing dams with power generation installations and other ways of turning them into multi-purpose structures, as well as increasing operational efficiency by better integration of natural infrastructure in catchments. The negative impacts of current dams on fish and other aquatic life can be reduced by applying decision models that include environmental flows and other such considerations in the management of hydropower dams (McCartney, 2007). Better design elements such as modified intake screens, acoustic deterrent systems, barrier nets and variable speed pumps can reduce the negative impacts substantially. Sustainable dam management goes a step further and is based on designing new and regulating existing infrastructure to address overall system health (Box 9.2). [ See Chapter 26 (Volume 2) for the case study ‘The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project as a part of the National Green Growth Strategy in Republic of Korea’. ] 9.3.5 Conservation and remediation Actions to avoid land degradation contribute to savings in water and energy consumption by, for example, increasing groundwater recharge and soil water storage or reducing the use of energy intensive fertilizer (Hoff, 2011). In this way, water conservation can also help reduce GHG emissions (Maas, 2009). Managing for multiple uses below the basin level can also reduce pressure on water resources by increasing water productivity, for example when irrigation canals, downstream of a hydropower dam, are used for aquaculture, or when water from laundry basins is diverted to vegetable plots (Van Koppen et al., 2009). Water can yield more ecosystem services when it is managed not for a single purpose such as crop production but as part of a multifunctional landscape of agro- ecosystems, thus also benefitting biodiversity, groundwater recharge and erosion control (Keys et al., 2012; Boelee et al., 2011). 22 For more information, see http://www.mrcmekong.org/news-and-events/ news/innovative-tool-for-mekong-basin-wide-sustainable-hydropower- assessment-launched/ For more information, see http://www.hydrosustainability.org/ 23 WWDR 2014 ECOSYSTEMS 83PDF Image | Water and Energy
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