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Coal is the most prevalent energy product within the region, with China and India together extracting more than half of the world’s total output. There is also a growing market for renewable sources such as biofuel, with China, India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand among the leading regional producers. Both coal and biofuel require vast amounts of freshwater, and some areas within the region are already deemed water-scarce. in Tajikistan, for example, are helping rural communities such as in Bozorboi Burunov Jamoat gain access to social services and secure a reliable heat source in the cold winter months (UNDP, 2011). Existing and potential hotspots in Asian transboundary river basins develop where issues and challenges for both energy and water have political and socio-economic implications at local and basin levels. Areas of conflict include the Aral Sea, Ganges-Brahmaputra River, Indus River and Mekong River basins. The Mekong River basin in South-East Asia spans Cambodia, China, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. Although a 2011 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Mekong River Commission indicated that the 11 proposed mainstream dam projects could reduce the GHG emissions of the regional power sector by 50 million tonnes by 2030, severe ecological consequences such as disruption of fish migration, erosion and biodiversity loss are anticipated (MRC, 2011). In the Ganges-Brahmaputra River basin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India and Nepal), the Zangmu Dam in Tibet, a run-of-the-river facility slated for completion in 2015, as well as the recent approval of three more Brahmaputra dams as part of China’s Twelfth Five Year Plan, are raising concerns over downstream effects in India and Bangladesh. 11.2 Coal While already heavily reliant on coal, Asia’s demand for this primary energy source is projected to increase by 47% in coming years, which will account for 119% of the global total increase in demand (IEA, 2010). The location of water intensive coal mining in water-scarce areas is becoming increasingly controversial in many parts of Asia; for example, in India, where 16% of the world’s population has access to only 4% of its water resources (InfraInsights, 2013). Given that coal contributes to more than half of India’s primary commercial energy, and is likely to do so for the next few decades, concern is mounting over falling water tables in areas already struggling to meet water demand (Sreenivas and Bhosale, 2013). Expansion plans for coal power plants in China and India could be unachievable due to water scarcity issues (Adelman, 2012). Continued coal production and growing energy demand in the Asia-Pacific region is closely aligned with high population and economic growth. This expansion can offset burgeoning investments in renewable or cleaner energy. China, although one of the largest producers and users of coal in the world, was also the dominant country for investments in renewable energy in 2012, with commitments rising to US$67 billion – a 22% increase from 2011 (Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF, 2013). Other nations have set ambitious goals in energy system transitions. As South-East Asia’s biggest economy, Indonesia intends to increase renewable energy usage to 17% by 2025, a shift aided by co-financing mechanisms targeted at developing geothermal and biomass capacities (Climate Investment Funds, 2013). At the same time, Indonesia overtook Australia as the world’s largest exporter of coal in 2011 (ADB, 2013), and its domestic consumption (under 23 million tonnes less than a decade ago) has been projected to reach 72 million tonnes by 2020 (Indrayuda, 2005). Serious concerns about water quality degradation as an effect of coal mining in many parts of the region are being raised. Without careful regulation, contamination from acid mine drainage can seriously compromise ground and surface water resources. A recent water quality survey of the Grose River in Australia – an area with a history of more than a century of mining operations in an otherwise pristine region of the Greater Blue Mountains – detected a considerable level of water contamination, a result of leaching from the disused mines (Wright et al., 2011). 90 CHAPTER 11 REGIONAL ASPECTSPDF Image | Water and Energy
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