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12 The Arab region UNESCWA Carol Chouchani Cherfane and Sung Eun Kim Although Arab countries form a homogeneous geopolitical region that is among the water poorest of the world (WWAP, 2012, ch. 33), countries can still be clustered according to the severity of their water scarcity and their energy endowments. Member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) are among the water poorest in the region, but thanks to their prodigious oil and gas reserves, they have the economic capacity to overcome water scarcity through desalination and to consume water at rates that are among the highest in the world. In contrast, four of the region’s six least-developed countries (the exceptions being Djibouti and Yemen) have an annual per capita water share that exceeds the water poverty level of 1,000 m3, yet they are unable to mobilize economic growth; oil production in Sudan and Yemen has not helped to improve water use efficiency or water security in either country. With the exception of Iraq and Lebanon, the low to middle income countries in the region have an annual per capita share of renewable water resources that falls below the water poverty line (UNESCWA, 2013a) and are struggling to achieve energy security; many are seeking to reorient their energy mix towards renewable energy sources to meet growing demand for water and energy services. 12.1 Increasing knowledge and awareness- raising for policy coherence The Arab region is seeking to improve understanding and awareness of the water–energy nexus at the policy and operational levels. While IWRM has been promoted in the region for more than a decade, limited understanding of the interdependencies affecting the management of water and energy resources has stymied coordination between the water and energy policy-makers, even when these sectors are managed within the same ministry. Energy requirements for surface and ground water extraction are not regularly monitored in the region, while energy demand for desalination processes continues to increase. Although energy requirements for water supply services differ depending on the type of pump used, the efficiency of a water supply system and the topographic conditions, there is a need to improve the monitoring and management of energy resources used in the production and distribution of water. Approximately 0.36 kWh is needed to lift 1 m3 water a vertical distance of 100 m, and 0.04 kWh is needed for pumping 1 m3 water a horizontal transfer distance of 100 km (UNESCWA, 2009b). This is particularly significant when considering the energy costs associated with the distribution of water desalinated along the coastline to inland communities in the Arabian Gulf and southern Mediterranean countries. The energy requirements for producing and distributing desalinated water would be prohibitive for the water-scarce city of Sana’a, Yemen, which lies 2,200 m above sea level, and thus desalination cannot be considered a sustainable solution for what may be the first capital city in the region to run out of water (UNESCWA, 2009b). Limited coordination between the water, energy, electricity and agriculture sectors leads to conflicting policies and development objectives. For example, energy costs for groundwater pumping at increasingly greater depths are increasing production costs and reducing revenues for small-scale farmers in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. Water operators in Jordan, Lebanon and Yemen complain of high energy costs and the rationing of 12.1 Intermittent supply and unaccounted-for water 'The intermittent supply of water through distribution networks can increase the volume of unaccounted- for water that is lost through the network as water pressure variability increases the stress on pipes and joints, resulting in cracks in the network and associated leaks. While intermittency is sometimes caused by water rationing due to water scarcity, limited access to reliable and adequate energy supplies by water operators due to electricity rationing or high energy costs has also constrained their ability to provide water services on a continuous basis throughout the network. This condition is commonly experienced in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Yemen.’ Source: UNESCWA (2011a, p. 14). 92 CHAPTER 12 REGIONAL ASPECTS BOx CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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