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With the exception of Iraq and Lebanon, the low to middle income countries in the region have an annual per capita share of renewable water resources that falls below the water poverty line and are struggling to achieve energy security; many are seeking to reorient their energy mix towards renewable energy sources to meet growing demand for water and energy services 12.3 Addressing climate change and natural disasters Climate change is directly and indirectly impacting production and consumption of water and energy resources in the Arab region. Rising temperatures are increasing evapotranspiration rates and water demand in an already thirsty agriculture sector. As temperatures rise, so does the need for cooling, which requires water and electricity for industry and housing units. Energy efficiency in the building sector is being promoted in the Gulf and the Mashreq, as are closed-loop cooling systems in industrial and commercial facilities. Sea level rise associated with climate change presents risks to urban and agricultural development in low-lying coastal areas along the Egyptian delta and across the island state of Bahrain. Real estate investments on artificial islands, desalination plants and offshore oil installations are also being affected by extreme weather events and sea surges that have been felt more prevalently over the past decade along the eastern Arabian Peninsula. Flooding has strained ageing or inadequate stormwater systems, while drought has forced farmers to migrate to cities, increased the price of food and fostered social unrest. With a view to increasing understanding of the impact of climate change and extreme events on the Arab region associated with the new radiative forcing scenarios developed by the IPCC, the United Nations, the League of Arab States and other international organizations have launched the Regional Initiative for the Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio- Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region (RICCAR). RICCAR is generating regional climate modelling and hydrological modelling projections and a multi-sectoral vulnerability assessment for the Arab region (UNESCWA, 2011b), which will inform further work on the water– energy nexus and climate change adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the Arab region. Despite challenges, efforts are being made to improve cross-sectoral coordination and policy coherence across the water and energy domains. Intergovernmental processes have been launched (UNESCWA, 2013b) and the need for integrated approaches for achieving sustainable development, including integrated regional approaches for pursuing water security, energy security and food security, have been identified (LAS, 2011). 94 CHAPTER 12 REGIONAL ASPECTSPDF Image | Water and Energy
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