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14 Africa UNECA Author: Stephen M. Donkor; Contributors: Seleshi B. Awulachew and Michael Menker In Africa the quest for water security has always been linked to the quest for energy security (African Water Vision 2025; UNECA, 2000). Energy security will be achieved only when society obtains access to dependable, modern energy services. Because most of sub-Saharan Africa’s population is predominantly rural (70%) (World Bank, n.d.a), achieving rural energy security is a prerequisite for equitable and sustainable development. Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by low consumption of commercial energy and high dependence on traditional fuels. The majority of the rural population relies on traditional energy supplies, mainly unprocessed biomass, the burning of which causes significant pollution and health concerns (Section 3.1). Water as a source of power has a vital role to play in responding to the socio-economic crisis facing Africa. One aspect of the interdependence between water availability and development can be seen by the introduction of electricity to rural areas in Africa. The impact is immediate and visible. 14.1 Energy use Sub-Saharan Africa is the least electrified of all major world regions, with 57% of its population without access to electricity in 2011 (IEA, 2012a). Excluding South Africa, the entire installed generation capacity of sub- Saharan Africa is only 28 GW, equivalent to that of Argentina (World Bank, n.d.b). Sub-Saharan Africa consumes126 kWh/year electricity; including South Africa causes this figure to rise to 447 kWh/year. The variation between countries and regions is exacerbated by the urban–rural divide: the sharp disparity is evident in the low figure of 7.5% electrification in rural areas. The trend of electricity consumption in Africa over the past decade is shown in Figure 14.1. A steady increase on the aggregate is expected to accelerate with the current rapid economic growth being experienced in many African countries. With increasing demand, some progress has been made and overall electricity production has more than doubled in the past two decades (Figure 14.2). Nevertheless, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in which the absolute number of people without access to electricity is increasing. It is estimated that without major policy action and increased investment in the electricity sector, 650 million people will be living without electricity in sub- Saharan Africa in 2030 compared with some 500 million today (IEA, 2011b). Fortunately, this rapidly growing 14.1 Trends in hydropower consumption in Africa (1998–2012) 15.70 17.20 16.90 17.40 18.70 18.20 19.60 20.40 21.30 21.60 21.40 22.00 23.40 24.10 22.50 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Statista/BP (http://www.statista.com/statistics/265560/african-hydropower-consumption-in-oil-equivalent/) (Accessed Sep 2013). 98 CHAPTER 14 REGIONAL ASPECTS FIGURE CHAPTER Consumption (million metric tonnes of oil equivalent) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1998PDF Image | Water and Energy
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