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14.1 Key facts on hydropower in Africa • Economically feasible hydropower potential: 842,077 GWh/year (Table 3.3) • Potential developed: 8% (Figure 3.11) • Countries with the largest hydropower potential: Congo, Ethiopia, Cameroon • Countries with the largest installed hydropower: Egypt, Congo, Sudan, Nigeria • Hydropower in operation (2011): ~26 GW • Hydropower under construction (2011): ~14 GW • Key river basins for future hydropower development: Congo, Nile, Zambezi • Proposed projects: Grand Inga Project on the Congo River, estimated cost US$50 billion. At 40,000 MW, this would be world’s largest hydropower project. The Congo is the second richest river in the world for fish. Fish diversity could be threatened by insensitive hydropower development. • Negative impacts of hydropower: Downstream fisheries and ecosystems have been heavily impacted by large hydropower projects, for example in the Zambezi and Senegal basins. Dams have displaced 400,000 people across Africa. Source: UNECA, with values from Aqua-Media International Ltd, 2012. See also UNSD (2013) and Kumar et al. (2011). region of the world also has the greatest hydropower potential of any region (Section 3.3.3). Addressing the development challenges of low life expectancy and high infant mortality, illiteracy and fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa requires improved access to electricity, particularly by poor and rural communities. Improving access to electricity for the majority of the population living in peri-urban and rural areas is critical. Indeed, access to electricity is essential for powering local industry and thus generating employment, alleviating poverty, improving public health, and increasing access to modern information and education services. With growth in the African economy there will also be a need to provide additional electricity to urban centres and industries. 14.2 Hydropower Hydropower is an important source of modern energy. Hydroelectric power supplies 32% of Africa’s energy (UNEP, 2012). Although endowed with considerable hydropower potential, African countries have developed only a small fraction of it – about 8% (Box 14.1). The key hubs, sometimes called ‘water towers’, for potential hydropower generation are in the Congo River basin, the Fouta-Djallon highlands in West Africa and the Ethiopian highlands in East Africa – in fact 60% of the region’s hydropower potential is in the Congo and Ethiopia. 14.2 Recent trends in electricity production for world regions including Africa 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 North America Central and South America Europe Africa Asia and Oceania Source: UNECA, with data from US Energy Information Administration ‘International Energy Statistics’ Web page (http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm) (Accessed Sep 2013). WWDR 2014 AFRICA 99 Electricity net generation (billion kWh) FIGURE BOx 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010PDF Image | Water and Energy
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