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Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in which the absolute number of people without access to electricity is increasing most sub-Saharan African countries with substantial hydropower resources stems from the difficulties in adopting the long-term policy measures necessary for sustainable development of these resources. Water and energy in Africa is synonymous with hydropower in terms of potential available energy for present and future use. Hydropower is a renewable energy and thus preferable to many other energy sources (i.e. fossil fuels) in terms of sustainability. In light of the lack of exploitation to date, hydropower remains the main energy option to promote sustainable development and to power trade, regional integration and poverty eradication in Africa. Hydropower provides the opportunity for good long-term and trans-generational investment in clean energy for the growth of Africa, economically, socially and environmentally. In the context of climate change, especially where models predict reductions in river flows, hydropower will still provide the bulk of energy in an optimal mix with other sources, including geothermal, wind and solar power (see Chapter 25 [Volume 2] for the case study ‘The role of geothermal energy in Kenya’s long- term development vision’). 14.3 Access to services The most important variable at the human level when it comes to water and energy is whether the service can be accessed – when, where and in adequate quantity and quality – by every individual who needs it. The level of access strongly correlates to socio-economic development and is a critical prerequisite to poverty reduction globally and in Africa in particular. Figure 14.3 shows global electricity access; it is evident that Africa lags behind other regions. This presents a great challenge, which can also be seen as a great opportunity: to develop the great hydropower potential in a clean, efficient way, having learnt from the rest of the world so as not to repeat the negative aspects of their experiences. 14.3 Global electricity access rate 100 75 50 25 0 Latin America 1970 1990 2004 2020 (forecast) Mid-East/North Africa South Asia Africa Note: The graph shows that more than 500 million people in sub- Saharan Africa lack access to electricity. Connection rates are as low as 5% in rural areas. Source: Cosgrove-Davies (2006). East Asia and Pacific Low exploitation of hydropower potential can be explained to a significant extent by the fact that most African countries are dependent on external resources for major infrastructure projects. During the 1980s, development partners shied away from major projects, especially dams. Africa currently faces an infrastructure funding gap of US$31 billion a year, mainly in power (World Bank, 2010d). Another challenge facing 100 CHAPTER 14 REGIONAL ASPECTS Percentage of population with access to electricity FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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