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15 Creating an enabling environment for change WWAP | Richard Connor, Lyndsay Mountford, Frederik Pischke and James Winpenny Problems arise when water and energy policies are formulated in isolation. There are, fortunately, examples of policies and actions that benefit both domains (win–win projects, optimum trade-offs). Sometimes these synergies arise unintentionally, by policy-makers acting with an eye towards their own domains. But accidental synergy cannot be relied upon to produce enough of the positive common actions necessary to address growing problems evident in both domains. A coherent policy – which is to say an adequate public response to the interconnectedness of the water, energy and related domains – requires a hierarchy of actions. These include: · Developing coherent national policies affecting the different domains · Creating legal and institutional frameworks to promote this coherence · Ensuring reliable data and statistics to make and monitor decisions · Encouraging awareness through education, training and public information media · Supporting innovation and research into technological development · Ensuring availability of finance · Allowing markets and businesses to develop Together these actions make up the enabling environment necessary to produce the changes needed for sustainable and mutually compatible development of water and energy. At the outset, the different political economies of water and energy should be recognized, as these affect the scope, speed and direction of change in the respective domains. While energy is often synonymous with big business and carries great political clout, water is not and generally does not. There is a marked difference in the pace of change visible in the energy and water domains, driven by the evolution of markets and technologies (Hussey et al., 2013; Sections 1.2, 1.3). These forces also drive changes in governance, which happens at a different rate in the two domains. Unless those responsible for water step up their own governance reform efforts, the pressures emanating from developments in the energy sphere will become increasingly restrictive and make the tasks facing water planners, and the objective of a secure water future, much more difficult to achieve. And failures in water can also lead directly to failures in energy. National energy and water policies need to be compatible and coherent National energy and water policies need to be compatible and coherent. Policies in response to climate change are a specific case in point: efforts to mitigate GHG emissions (e.g. through hydropower or biofuels) may place greater strain on water resources, and development of new water sources (e.g. through desalination) imperils national emissions targets. Governments also need to cultivate widespread awareness of the water–energy nexus through public information fora, social and political conversation, and education. It is incumbent on professional communities in the water and energy domains to meet and discourse with each other to a much greater extent than they do at present. Legal and regulatory frameworks should be created to channel reforms and establish rules and sanctions for infractions by users, including businesses. Calls for closer regulation and greater transparency, monitoring and local community engagement are part of the public and political reaction to the potential impact on water from the development of unconventional sources of oil and gas; for example, fracking in Argentina, Mexico, the USA WWDR 2014 CREATING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR CHANGE 103 CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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