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and causing fewer environmental impacts per unit of economic output) is possible and already happening in many regions and sectors, offering win−win opportunities, especially in developing countries (UNEP-IRP, 2012). Although the bulk of water and energy infrastructure has been traditionally provided by the public sector, the size of future investment required for both domains means that the gap cannot be filled solely from public finance, and major recourse to private finance will be essential. However, public actions will be required to establish adequate and predictable investment environments and to mitigate some of the risks that currently deter private financiers in some of the poorest countries. Sound regulatory policies, public–private partnerships, public expenditure reviews and results-based financing are some approaches proposed to help enlist private finance (Section 5.1). Water and energy governance should be gender sensitive, recognizing women as important decision-makers in all areas of water and energy governance at all levels and ensuring their due voice and influence in the shaping of policy and practice. Governments can benefit from prioritizing full and equitable access to water and energy in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies, and promote investments that alleviate the unpaid work burden of women and children. Other key measures include the establishment of accountability frameworks based on clear gender equality benchmarks and gender audits to monitor the gender-related performance of the two domains; the implementation of positive measures to increase the enrolment of young women in technical areas related to water and energy; the positioning of qualified women as leaders of innovation in water and energy efficiency; and the generation of gender-disaggregated data required to measure progress. 15.1 Breaking down barriers – and building bridges Policy-makers, planners and practitioners in water and energy need to take steps to overcome the barriers that exist between their domains. ‘The disconnect between water and energy policy is driven in large part by the failure of water and energy practitioners to engage with and fully understand one another’ (Cooley et al., 2011, p. 9). That being said, the disconnection can also be attributed to the fact that each domain has been traditionally expected to focus on a narrow mandate in meeting its own aims and fulfilling its own targeted responsibilities. As a result, there is often little or no incentive to initiate and pursue coordination or integration of policies across sectoral institutions (Section 5.1). Previous editions of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWAP, 2009, 2012) urged water policy-makers to think outside the box to address the many ways in which water is impacted by events and decisions arising outside water ‘borders’ as they are commonly viewed. By the same token, policy-makers in other areas of social and economic life should acknowledge both their own impact on water and the impact of water on their policies, for example as an input or constraint. Nowhere is this more true – or more urgent – than for energy. The water–energy nexus can be regarded as one of the first and Each domain has been traditionally expected to focus on a narrow mandate in meeting its own aims and fulfilling its own targeted responsibilities. As a result, there is often little or no incentive to initiate and pursue coordination or integration of policies across sectoral institutions. most important steps outside the box (or ‘silo’) for both domains. Other linkages are also important to explore where these can improve policy-making; for instance, those between energy, water and land (EU, 2012); between water, food, energy and climate (WEF, 2011); and with the environment. Water and energy practitioners need to work collaboratively towards a coherent response to common challenges. In some countries the same national institution is responsible for planning, management and service provision for water and power (e.g. in Pakistan the Water and Power Development Authority [WAPDA]; in Guinea where the Ministry of Energy is also responsible for water resources development; and in Zambia where the WWDR 2014 CREATING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR CHANGE 105PDF Image | Water and Energy
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