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16 Responses in practice WWAP | Richard Connor, Lyndsay Mountford and James Winpenny The interplay of water and energy, and the scope for fostering synergies and managing trade-offs between them, is illustrated below in the contexts of agriculture, industry, cities, ecosystems and power. This chapter summarizes the response options outlined in earlier parts of this report with some specific examples.36 16.1 Energy-smart and water efficient agriculture Applying energy efficiency measures at the farm level (Table 6.3) and at all stages along the agrifood chain can bring direct savings through technological and behavioural changes, and indirect savings through co- benefits derived from the adoption of agro-ecological farming practices. Avoiding food wastage can result in considerable savings in energy, land and water. Knowledge-based precision irrigation can provide flexible, reliable and efficient water application, which can be complemented by deficit irrigation and wastewater reuse. Crops often take up only half of the irrigation water applied, so there is clearly potential to improve water use efficiency of mechanical irrigation systems, which would also result in less demand for electricity or diesel fuel for pumping. However, while irrigation losses may appear high, a large part of these losses usually return to the water body in the form of return flow or aquifer recharge (Section 6.6), often laden with nutrients and other chemicals. Cases have been reported where more efficient, but energy intensive irrigation increases the consumptive 36 Yet more examples are presented in Volume 2. 16.1 Groundwater, irrigation and energy: Responses to an unsustainable situation in Gujarat, India The issue of groundwater overdraft in India has been well known for decades. In the state of Gujarat, free groundwater and subsidized electricity to pump it contributed to severe groundwater overdraft, near bankruptcy of the State Electricity Board, and poor power supply to farmers and other rural residents. The textbook solution seemed simple enough: price groundwater and electricity to reflect their value. However, those who tried to implement these solutions did not appreciate the political realities in India. Efforts to rationalize pricing were met with great resistance by farmers. Politicians lost their jobs and external funds for modernizing the system were withdrawn. The State Electricity Board continued to generate great losses and was unable to meet the needs of the rapidly growing economy. Farmers had to accept poor quality power supply as the cost of their ‘free’ supply, and the pressure on aquifers was substantial. An alternative approach, called the Jyotigram Scheme, diverged from the textbook approach and embraced subsidies as part of a strategy. But rather than viewing subsidies as a default component of free electricity supply, the Jyotigram Scheme focused on providing rationally managed subsidies where needed, and pricing where possible. Under the programme, rural Gujarat has been completely rewired. Villages are given 24-hour, three-phase power supply for domestic use and in schools, hospitals and village industries, all at metered rates. Farmers operating tubewells continue to receive free electricity, but for 8 hours rather than 24 and, importantly for the satisfaction of farmers, on a pre-announced schedule designed to meet their peak demands. The separation of agricultural energy from other uses and the promise of quality supply were sufficient to gain political and social backing for implementation. The Jyotigram Scheme has now radically improved the quality of village life, spurred non- farm economic enterprises, and halved the power subsidy to agriculture. While groundwater itself is still free, the programme has indirectly raised the price of groundwater supply from tubewell owners in the informal market by 30% to 50%, thus providing a signal of scarcity, and reducing groundwater overdraft. The solution may not be perfect, but it has proved to be implementable and it has brought substantial improvement inside and outside the water sector. Jyotigram is now a flagship programme of the Government of India, replicated in Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Source: IWMI, from Shah et al. (2004, 2008) and Shah and Verma (2008). WWDR 2014 RESPONSES IN PRACTICE 109 BOx CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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