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Energy audits to identify and reduce water and energy losses and enhance energy efficiency can result in substantial energy and financial savings, with savings of between 10% and 40% reported use of water and reduces return flows, leading to more pressure on aquifers. Dam and reservoir design that accommodates fisheries and aquaculture can allow continued food production from rivers that are dammed for hydroelectric development. Optimizing the management of storage capacity of catchments, including soils, groundwater and reservoirs, offers scope for greater efficiency; for example, drawing upon groundwater reserves at times of low reservoir capacity and enabling groundwater to recharge when reservoirs are full (Box 2.2). While access to inexpensive fossil fuel combined with access to versatile, affordable low-maintenance diesel engines in Bangladesh has benefited smallholder farmers without over-exploiting water resources (Section 6.6), energy subsidies in the drier parts of India have had detrimental effects on groundwater levels. In Gujarat, one of the drier states in India, policies to ration farm power supply, and thus water supply, have been recommended to encourage farmers to use water more sparingly (Box 16.1). In Argentina and Mexico, electricity subsidies are having a damaging effect on groundwater aquifers while mainly benefiting the most prosperous farmers (Chapter 13). The political difficulties of reform cannot be underestimated, but reform of energy subsidies could benefit both energy and water domains in such situations. In areas with sufficient endowments of surface water, modernization of existing canal irrigation systems to improve services may encourage farmers to reduce their groundwater use as it is often more expensive (due to the cost of pumping) than surface water supply. These systems can have multiple purposes – such as crop production, domestic use, animal husbandry and support of small industries. 16.2 Innovating cities It has been suggested that more than half of the water demand and water-related energy consumption in some 16.2 Energy efficiency generates savings for water supply systems The Improvement of Energy Efficiency (IEE) project of the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) is focusing on demand-side energy reduction in pumping stations and promoting institutional change through private sector participation. The case was presented at the Amman–Cologne Symposium 2011. ‘In initial energy audits, the IEE project analysed the electricity consumption and improvement potential of key pumping stations and developed detailed recommendations for implementation. Efficiency improvements in the range of 4%–65% of the electricity consumed are feasible in various pumping stations. This would reduce the annual energy use by 21 million kWh, representing about 1 mill. JOD [US$1.4 million] per year in energy cost savings for WAJ and hence improving cost recovery.’ ‘... An energy service company (ESCO) provides the funding for the repair and replacement of the pumping equipment, designs and installs the equipment, and takes over operation, maintenance and repair processes for a defined period. The remuneration of the ESCO for its services depends on the reduction of specific energy consumption (kWh/cbm[m3] pumped) during the contract period, since the cost savings are shared between WAJ and the ESCO.’ ‘By this, a triple win situation is created: firstly a cost recovery improvement reduction, secondly the availability of new infrastructure at no cost for WAJ, and thirdly a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.’ ‘The results from a pilot pumping station confirm an increase in average energy efficiency of 40%, which translates into a cost recovery improvement of approx. 120’000 JOD [US$170,000] per year, very low maintenance efforts for the enhanced equipment and an overall reduction of pumping station downtime.’ Source: Waleed K. Al-Zubari, Arabian Gulf University, from Rothenberger (2011, pp. 20–21). 110 CHAPTER 16 RESPONSES: FOSTERING SYNERGIES AND MANAGING TRADE-OFFS BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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