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cities in the USA could be saved just by implementing simple water conservation measures, such as leakage prevention, efficient water appliances and xeriscaping. Further measures include collecting, treating and reusing stormwater for low-risk purposes such as garden watering and building cleaning and maintenance. Advanced water treatment options (such as reverse osmosis and desalination) can contribute to increased water availability, but their additional energy requirements need to be offset by the use of efficient technology and renewable energy sources (Section 7.4). Energy audits to identify and reduce water and energy losses and enhance energy efficiency can result in substantial energy and financial savings, with savings of between 10% and 40% reported (Box 16.2). Potential, thermal and chemically bound energy contained in wastewater can be harnessed and utilized. Potential energy offers limited opportunities for energy production. Thermal energy in wastewater comes from its temperature when leaving a building, which can be particularly useful in places where a large amount of energy is required for heating water, especially in colder climates. It can be used for pre-heating via heat exchangers or heat pumps and recent technologies are highly cost-effective. Chemically bound energy in wastewater is due to its carbon content, which can be converted to methane under anaerobic conditions. Methane can be used for domestic cooking and heating, as fuel for vehicles and power plants, or for operating the treatment plant itself. Biogas is a source of green energy, which replaces fossil fuels and reduces the amount of sludge to be disposed of, as Chemically bound energy in wastewater ... can be used for domestic cooking and heating, as fuel for vehicles and power plants, or for operating the treatment plant itself well as achieving financial savings for the plant (Section 5.2.4). Many wastewater treatment plants have been able to generate biogas from wastewater or sludge and convert it to heat or electricity (Box 16.3; Section 7.4.3). In Stockholm, public buses, waste collection trucks and taxis run on biogas produced from sewage treatment plants. The anaerobic water treatment technologies responsible 16.3 Recovery of energy from wastewater The As-Samra wastewater treatment plant was inaugurated in 2008 to treat the wastewater of 2.3 million equivalent- inhabitantsa of Amman and surrounding areas. The project is a public–private partnership for financing the construction and operation of public infrastructure in Jordan based on a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract spanning 25 years.b Wastewater is transported from Amman to the plant site by gravity over 40 km through a conveyor pipeline. The difference in elevation between the city and the treatment plant is significant, so the wastewater is under high pressure when it arrives at the plant. Instead of the pressure diverters commonly used to break the flow of this type of wastewater effluent, turbines have been installed to run on upstream wastewater flow and generate hydraulic energy, which is used on site. The treated effluent is again used to power hydraulic turbines generating renewable energy before it is released into the environment, joining a stream that directs the waters to King Talal Dam. Biogas recovery has been implemented for the sludge digesters. Sewage sludge generated during the process is treated through anaerobic digestion. Biogas generated in the digester is captured and recovered in the form of electrical and thermal energy which is used on site. The plant is almost self-sufficient and requires very little power from the grid as it generates up to 95% of the plant electrical consumption from renewable sources (Solutions for Water, 2012). Notes: a Population equivalent (in wastewater monitoring and treatment) refers to the amount of oxygen-demanding substances whose oxygen consumption during biodegradation equals the average oxygen demand of the wastewater produced by one person. For practical calculations, it is assumed that one unit equals 54 grams of BOD per 24 hours (OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms at http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/). b This is the first BOT project for both Jordan and USAID. SWECO is the consulting company. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) financed technical assistance during preparation, construction, commissioning, and 18 months of commercial operation of the project. Source: Waleed K. Al-Zubari, Arabian Gulf University. WWDR 2014 RESPONSES IN PRACTICE 111 BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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