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for biogas production are particularly appropriate for warmer climates like those found across the Arab region (Section 12.2) among others. The use of dried faecal sludge as fuel is gaining momentum in several developing countries (Section 7.4.3). 16.3 Enhancing the role of industry Large industry is well advanced in reacting to water and energy issues. Energy efficiency has been prioritized and driven by high energy prices and regulations concerning climate change and GHG emissions. More recently, water use efficiency has also taken on a higher profile. Industry’s actions are the result of commitment to corporate policies, sustainability and CSR as well as a response to commercial, shareholder and consumer pressures (Chapter 8). These influences often extend through the industrial supply chain, with far-reaching impacts ranging from more sustainable practices to increased public awareness. Carrying out water and energy audits to calculate balances and corresponding footprints is an important first step towards setting conservation and efficiency goals and targets. Many firms are adopting standards such as ISO 14000 (Environmental Management), ISO 5000 (Energy Management) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). Specific measures include increasing water productivity through reuse, recycling or the use of reclaimed wastewater, and focusing on zero discharge technologies. In the energy domain the adoption of green technologies, such as energy efficient machinery, is increasingly an option. In terms of manufactured goods, considerable achievements have been made in the design and formulation of products specifically aimed at reducing the water and energy content or consumption of products and appliances. The formulation of detergents and washing machines is a notable example. 16.4 Initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprises Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been a focus for UNIDO, which has successfully set up National Cleaner Production Centres promoting Cleaner Production (CP) practices (UNIDO, n.d.a). These practices include: • Good housekeeping to prevent leaks and spills and good operation and maintenance procedures and practices • Input material change: using less hazardous or renewable materials or materials with a longer service lifetime • Better process control, equipment modification and technology change for higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation • On-site recovery and reuse of wasted materials within the company • Production of useful by-products: transformation of wastes into materials for reuse or recycling outside the company • Product modification to minimize environmental impacts during use or after (disposal) or to minimize environmental impacts of production The UNIDO Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST) programme (UNIDO, n.d.b) is associated with CP and supports industry by: • Prioritizing a preventative approach to CP • Addressing preventative environmental management and providing information on materials, energy and finance using environmental management systems (EMS) and environmental management accounting (EMA) • Incorporating environmental management within corporate social responsibility (CSR) leading to sustainable enterprise strategies Three areas of response specific to energy were identified for SMEs (UNIDO, 2008), although they could apply equally to water management: • Target setting agreements. These can result in significant energy savings with long-term effects in changing attitudes and awareness. • Energy management standards. By adopting standards, companies raise their image and a process of continuous improvement is set in place; energy efficiency becomes part of corporate culture. • System optimization. This offers a fast return and encourages companies to adopt more fully integrated programmes. Source: UNIDO. 112 CHAPTER 16 RESPONSES: FOSTERING SYNERGIES AND MANAGING TRADE-OFFS BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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