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EducaCtuioltnuarlaU,lSnOcitriegdnatnNifiizacatiatoinondns The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 Volu9m7e891231 042355 EducaCtuioltnuaralU,lSnOictreigedanntNifiiazcatiaotionnds MunadneargUinngceWrtaateinrty and Risk KBnaosewledge FthaeciCnhgallenges The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 Volume 2 THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT 4 The United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) is hosted by UNESCO and brings together the work of 28 UN-Water members and partners in the triennial World Water Development Report (WWDR). This flagship report is a comprehensive review that gives an overall picture of the world’s freshwater resources. It analyses pressures from decisions that drive demand for water and affect its availability. It offers tools and response options to help leaders in government, the private sector and civil society address current and future challenges. It suggests ways in which institutions can be reformed and their behaviour modified, and explores possible sources of financing for the urgently needed investment in water. The WWDR4 is a milestone within the WWDR series, reporting directly on regions and highlighting hotspots, and it has been mainstreamed for gender equality. It introduces a thematic approach – ‘Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk’ – in the context of a world which is changing faster than ever in often unforeseeable ways, with increasing uncertainties and risks. It highlights that historical experience will no longer be sufficient to approximate the relationship between the quantities of available water and shifting future demands. Like the earlier editions, the WWDR4 also contains country-level case studies describing the progress made in meeting water-related objectives. The WWDR4 also seeks to show that water has a central role in all aspects of economic development and social welfare, and that concerted action via a collective approach of the water-using sectors is needed to ensure water’s many benefits are maximized and shared equitably and that water-related development goals are achieved. — UN-Water is the United Nations (UN) inter-agency coordination mechanism for all freshwater related issues. It was formally established in 2003 building on a long history of collaboration in the UN family. It currently counts 29 UN Members and 25 other international Partners. UN-Water complements and adds value to existing UN initiatives by facilitating synergies and joint efforts among the implementing agencies. See www.unwater.org ISBN 978-92-3-104235-5 © UNESCO 2012 Set of three volumes 904 pages Full colour, with photographs, tables, figures, maps, boxes, notes, references, abbreviations list, glossary and index as well as forewords by Ban-Ki Moon, Irina Bokova and Michel Jarraud Available in English To purchase a printed copy of the book (55,00 €) please visit: http://publishing.unesco.org To request a CD-ROM containing the report and associated publications please email: wwap@unesco.org To download the PDF, e-book (.epub format), associated publications, previous WWDRs as well as material for the media please visit: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap Managing Water under Uncertainty Report Knowledge Base Report and Risk —— PD0015 - UN Water Cover volume 2.indd 1-3 20/02/12 15.58 15.59 UECdnuuiltceuadrtaioNl nOatrli,goSancnsiieznattifiiocnand UECdnuuiltceuadrtaioNl nOatrli,goSancnsiieznattifiiocnand 20/02/12 the s. It ponse es. It ces of and it ertainty easing he ctives. al ater’s was UN s by EducaCtuioltnuarlaU,lSnOictreiegdnatnNifiiazcatiaotinondns Volume 3 The United Nations World Water Assessment Programme © UNESCO-WWAP 2012 DVD sleeve_v3.indd 1 Contents in PDF: WWDR4: Volume 1: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk Volume 2: Knowledge Base Volume 3: Facing the Challenges Associated publications: Overview of Key Messages from the WWDR4 Facts and Figures from the WWDR4 Stakeholder Messages from the WWDR4 FacingTo order a copy of the book please visit http://www.unesco.org/publishing More information on WWAP publications can be found aRt eport Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk — The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 the Challenges — http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/publications/ The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 UECdnuuiltceuadrtaioNl nOatrli,goSancnsiieznattifiiocnand 21/02/12 10.20 Report UEdnuitceadtioNnatli,oSncsientific and Cultural Organization UEdnuitceadtioNnatli,oSncsientific and Cultural Organization 13/02/12 10.01 ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS 01_WWAP_BN_Educational print.pdf 1 27/2/12 2:42 PM 012, nder ways, ers serve sources. studies ptions to ailability. a central pproach nd that scussion as a United s ExEcutivE Summary Overviewof KeyMessages Part 1: Recognizing the centrality of water and its global dimensions access to water is critical to the well-being of people in all domains – personal, familial and social. Water also makes an essential contribution to economic out- put. it underpins the sound functioning of natural en- vironmental and ecological systems. many economic sectors compete for finite water resources. Water is the only medium through which major global crises (food, energy, health and climate change, as well as economic crises) can be jointly addressed. explicit trade-offs may need to be made to allocate water to uses which maximize achievable benefits across a number of developmental sectors. This is a critical challenge, but one whose achievement is difficult and complex in practice. fromTheUniTednaTionsWorld WaTer developmenT reporT 4 ManagingWaterunder Uncertainty and Risk protecting water resources, optimizing their use across thioenseofabcteinvietfiiets, farnodmewnasuterirn-igntaenseiqvueitaacbtilveitdieisstrsihbouu- ld be at the centre of public policy and regulation. This is true for all levels of water governance: local, regional, river basin and central. failure to deal strategically with these issues of allocation, resulting in a fragmented approach to water management, will jeopardize future availability and sustainability of water resources and is likely to reduce economic and social welfare below at- tainable levels. The task of delivering sufficient quantities of water for social, economic and environmental needs has tradi- tionally been regarded as the responsibility of those directly involved in its extraction, collection and use – the ‘water sector’. however, the availability of water throughout the hydrological cycle is influenced by many factors that lie outside the direct control of wa- ter authorities. effective and sustainable management of water resources and allocation requires cooperation and coordination between diverse stakeholders and sectoral ‘jurisdictions’. in future, global water resources are likely to come un- der increased pressure. The demand for water is grow- ing at the same time as climate change is expected to Factsand Figures Recognizing the centrality of water and its global dimensions • Water for irrigation and food production constitutes one of the greatest pressures on freshwater resources. agriculture accounts for ~70% of global freshwater withdrawals (up to 90% in some fast-growing economies). • Global population growth projections of 2–3 billion people over the next 40 years, combined with chang- ing diets, result in a predicted increase in food demand of 70% by 2050. • many of the impacts of natural hazards on socio- economic development occur through water. Between 1990 and 2000, in several developing countries natural disasters had caused damage representing 2–15% of their annual Gdp (World Bank, 2004; WWap, 2009). fromTheUniTednaTionsWorld WaTer developmenT reporT 4 ManagingWaterunder Uncertainty and Risk • of all energy produced globally, 7–8% is used to lift groundwater and pump it through pipes and to treat both groundwater and wastewater (hoffman, 2011) – a figure that rises to ~40% in developed countries (Wef, 2011a). • in 2009, the number of people without access to electricity was 1.4 billion or 20% of the world’s popula- tion (iea, 2010b). • Biofuels are an increasingly prominent component of the energy mix, as exemplified by the eU target for biofuels to constitute 10% of transport fuel by 2020 (eU, 2007). This target has been hotly debated as it acts as a driver for conversion of land from food to biofuel production, placing upward pressure on food prices, and in some cases leading to the conversion of forest ecosystems to land to grow biofuels. • even modest projections of biofuel production indi- cate that if by 2030 – as the iea suggests – just 5% of road transport is powered by biofuels, this could amount to at least 20% of the water used for agricul- ture globally (Comprehensive assessment of Water management in agriculture, 2007). Beyond the basin: The international and global dimensions of water governance • The cost of adapting to the impacts of a 2°C rise in global average temperature could range from Us$70 Chapter 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk — The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 Executive Summary 64 pages Currently available in English Report UEdnuitceadtioNnatli,oSncsientific and Cultural Organization Overview of Key Messages from the WWDR4 16 pages Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish Facts and Figures from the WWDR4 16 pages Available in English and French Stakeholder Messages from the WWDR4 Targetted to various audiences: 1. Educational, technological and scientific community 2. International finance institutions and commercial financiers 3. Water service providers (utilities and companies) 4. Central government (ministers, politicians and senior officials) and local government mayors and officials 5. Lay public, civil society and faith leaders 6. Donors and development NGOs 7. Business community 2 pages each Available in English Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk: Knowledge Base — The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 Volume 2 Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk Volume 3 Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk: Facing the Challenges The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 — The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4 Volume 1 DVD label_v2.indd 1 13/02/12 09.55 ECUdnuuiltceuadrtaioNl nOatrli,goSancnsiieznattifiiocnand © UNESCO-WWAP 2012 Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk The UniTed naTions World WaTer developmenT reporT 4PDF Image | Water and Energy
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