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Highlights of the findings The fifth report in the United Nations World Water Development Report series (WWDR 2014) focuses on the close link between water and energy. As with previous reports, the in-depth treatment given to the subject in WWDR 2014 is accompanied by a volume of case studies, prepared by institutional and national partners who have assumed full ownership of this reporting process. The thirteen case studies (see map) presented in this volume provide real-life examples, from five regions, of responses to current water and energy challenges and imminent problems. Regardless of the geographical setting or the level of national development, the overarching theme of the WWDR 2014 is highly relevant to all countries around the world, not only to the case study partners. Parallel to increasing living standards, the sustainability of escalating consumption of both water and energy resources has become a worldwide concern, with many national agendas recognizing the need to prioritize the decoupling of water use from energy generation. India, for example, has banned the construction of thermal power plants with open-loop wet cooling systems, which rely on high water consumption. As part of its national action plan on climate change, India has also targeted a 20% increase in water use efficiency in all sectors by 2017. Fossil fuels remain the major source of energy worldwide, but renewable energy resources are gaining in popularity. Solar, geothermal, biogas, biochar and hydropower are just some of the technologies highlighted in this case study volume. Although the initial investments required to construct renewable energy generation facilities can be high, the long-term benefits of using environmentally friendly and sustainable methods to harness energy from natural processes – mostly with very low or zero carbon emission – can be advantageous. Among the case studies featured, the ones from Mexico and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) highlight the experimental use of solar energy for wastewater treatment and desalination. Desalination has become a necessity to meet increasing freshwater demand in the Gulf region. The energy intensive nature of this operation presents alarming projections: by 2035, Kuwait, for example, may have to allocate as much as 2.5 million barrels of oil per day for water desalination, equal to the country’s entire 2011–2012 oil production. This business-as-usual scenario, to varying degrees, applies to other GCC countries. One notable response is the King Abdullah Initiative in Saudi Arabia, which has the ultimate goal of ensuring that all seawater desalination in the country will rely on solar energy alone by 2019. Energy demands are rising across the globe and notably in developing countries, in parallel with industrialization, population growth and higher living standards. While fossil fuels continue to supply the biggest portion of this energy, mounting pollution and the financial burden of ever-increasing energy prices have spurred countries to reassess their use of energy resources. The case studies from Italy, Kenya and Turkey focus on geothermal energy, presenting different ways these countries have capitalized on this pollution-free resource, against a shared backdrop of increasing challenges in meeting national energy demands and achieving sustainable development without sacrificing the environment. For example, Turkey – an emerging market country and the world’s seventeenth largest economy – spent US$60 billion on energy imports in 2012, a figure that seems likely to increase in coming years. Faced with this situation, the Turkish government introduced laws to incentivize development of renewable energy sources, especially the country’s rich geothermal potential. With the participation of the private sector, Turkey’s geothermal electricity production capacity doubled between 2009 and 2013. If fully utilized, geothermal resources can now meet 14% of Turkey’s total energy needs. As well as the economic benefits, geothermal technologies offer many environmental advantages over conventional power. The Umbria region of Italy estimates that using geothermal heat to its full potential in its region alone would provide a reduction of more than four million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year. In Kenya, geothermal energy is opted as a key response to overcome the country’s energy bottleneck and to elevate its economy. Hydropower is among the most common sources of renewable energy used today. This volume features three hydropower projects: the Three Gorges project in China, the Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Four Major Rivers Restoration project in the Republic of Korea. Together, these provide interesting examples of hydropower usage at very different scales. The Three Gorges Dam power station is the world’s largest. In addition to generating electricity, the dam provides other WWDR 2014 HigHligHTs of THe findings 137PDF Image | Water and Energy
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