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18 The Three gorges project on the Yangtze river in China The Yangtze River originates in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and runs from west to east through 11 provinces. With its main stream extending more than 6,300 km, it is the longest river in China and the third longest in the world. Its basin area covers about 20% of China’s landmass and holds more than one-third of the country’s population (Figure 18.1). Economic activities in the basin generate nearly 40% of Gross Domestic Product. The Three Gorges project was designed to tame the Yangtze River, which floods frequently and severely. The project commenced in 1993 and was completed in 2010. The project’s main structure is the 181 m high Three Gorges Dam. It not only regulates the river’s flow, but also is used to generate electricity and for water navigation. The dam is well known for its hydroelectric power station, which is the world’s biggest in terms of installed capacity. The dam reservoir stores approximately 39.3 billion m3 water and covers an area of 1,084 km2. The Three Gorges’ reservoir, which includes a number of ship locks and a ship lift, improved water navigability over a 660 km stretch of the Yangtze River (Box 18.1). Before the Three Gorges project, droughts and floods frequently affected the Yangtze River basin. According to records, on average, each province in the basin suffered from flood disaster every ten years and from drought every two to three years. The most recent example is the 2011 drought in the lower Yangtze River, which corresponded to the severity of a 100-year frequency drought. To offset the severely reduced natural water flow, about 5.5 billion m3 water was released from the dam reservoir, mainly for irrigation and municipal use. This reduced the effects of the drought, ensuring navigation safety and meeting environmental requirements. In central and eastern China, periodic floods cause considerable economic losses. The Three Gorges project has significantly enhanced the flood control capability in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Between 2003 and 2012, a total of 75 billion m3 floodwater 18.1 The Yangtze River basin 100 km Zigui Chongqing Shanghai Three Gorges Dam Wuhan Yichang Area of detail WWDR 2014 ThE ThREE GoRGES PRojECT on ThE yAnGTzE RIVER, ChInA 141 FIgURE CHAPTER r e v i ze R YangtPDF Image | Water and Energy
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