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was controlled and stored in the dam reservoir. Of this, approximately 27 billion m3 was stored during the 2010 floods. The project has also allowed easy and permanent access by boat to the beautiful scenery along the Yangtze River. The dam itself, the hydroelectric power station and the ship locks are new man-made attractions that draw tourists from all over the world. In 2012, 1.8 million tourists visited the area. A stretch of the Yangtze River that flows through deep gorges in western Yunnan is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The highlight of the project is its large installed capacity for hydroelectric power production, which provides electricity to eastern, southern and central China – where power shortages used to be a severe problem. Thirty-four generating units with a total installed capacity of 22,500 MW make the hydroelectric power station in the Three Gorges dam the world’s biggest. Its daily power production accounts for 2% of China’s total. From 2003, when the dam started operation up to 2012, a total of 630 billion kWh electricity was generated. In 2012, electricity production reached 98.1 billion kWh, equivalent to 14% of the country’s total hydroelectric power output. At this rate, the annual electric power generation is equivalent to several large-scale thermal power stations, consuming as much as 50 million tonnes of coal per year. From this perspective, the Three Gorges hydroelectric power station could reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by up to 100 million tonnes. Its strategic location and great capacity have made it the main hub of the national power grid. The hydroelectric power generated at the Three Gorges brings direct benefits to more than half of China’s population. Even though a great deal of preparation and planning went into the project’s preliminary phase, it has brought about changes in the area’s social and environmental fabric. In 2011, China's State Council acknowledged that ‘the project has provided great benefits in terms of flood prevention, power generation, river transportation and water resource utilization, but it has also brought about some urgent problems in terms of environmental protection, the prevention of geological hazards and the welfare of relocated communities’ (Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, 2013). The Chinese government pledged to establish disaster warning systems, reinforce riverbanks, boost funding for environmental protection and improve benefits for the resettled communities (Hays, 2011). Conclusion The Three Gorges project is a multipurpose water resources development scheme. The actual investment in the construction and the resettlement amounted to approximately US$29 billion. However, this cost will be rapidly paid off through the cumulative benefits 18.1 Navigation on the Yangtze River Also known as ‘the golden waterway’, the Yangtze River has been used by boats for centuries, especially along the middle and lower reaches of the river’s main stream. However, before the construction of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges dams, some sections were only navigable seasonally. This hindered the economic development of the western region because it limited trade between the south-west and the more developed eastern regions of the country. Located in the Xiling Gorge, one of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges dam improves waterway conditions from Yichang as far west as Chongqing City. As a result, ships from inland ports are now able to transport goods all the way to the sea at Shanghai. The navigational infrastructure, established as part of the project, includes double-way, five-tier ship locks with the highest water head and the most steps in the world. The total length of the ship locks’ main structure is 1,607 m and it can accommodate barge fleets weighing up to 10,000 tonnes. In 2011, the cargo that passed through the ship locks reached 100 million tonnes for the first time – which is six times the cargo weight of 2003. Overall, from June 2003 to the end of 2011, over half a billion tonnes of cargo was transported through the ship locks, providing a huge boost to the economic development of China’s western and middle-eastern regions. The navigation industry alone created 150,000 jobs in the Chongqing area. Other navigation-related activities created more than 500,000 jobs. All in all, over two million people have been employed. The lower cost of transporting boats has helped to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions substantially. In 2009 for example, 500,000 tonnes of fuel was saved thanks to water transport departing from Chongqing City. This, in practical terms, translates into a reduction of 1.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions. 142 CHapTer 18 CASE STUDIES bOXPDF Image | Water and Energy
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