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19 Hydropower development in eastern Herzegovina: The Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem Eastern Herzegovina is a region of some 7,500 km2 in the south-eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the purposes of this case study, it refers to the area delineated by the Neretva River in the west, Montenegro in the east and Croatia in the south-west. In spite of abundant rainfall that ranges from 1,250 mm to about 2,450 mm per year, access to water is a challenge as a result of the karst terrain which allows almost 80% of rainwater to immediately percolate deep into the ground, making permanent surface flow rare. Four of the five rivers in Eastern Herzegovina (the Trebišnjica, Zalomka, Bregava, Mušnica and Buna rivers) disappear into complex underground structures within relatively short distances of their sources and reappear as permanent or temporary springs in various locations (Figure 19.1). Water availability becomes an even more pressing issue during dry summer periods when demands for domestic use and irrigation are highest. In remote areas, villagers rely on rainwater collected during winter and groundwater from siphonal lakes in natural karst shafts. The region’s only agricultural land is in the karst poljes – flat-floored geographic depressions which, under natural conditions, remain flooded for between 150 and 250 days per year. With an estimated 100,000 inhabitants living in the region in 2006, the population of Eastern Herzegovina remains low. Difficult living conditions have been driving people out of this region over many decades. In contrast to the limited surface water resources in Eastern Herzegovina, there is a considerable amount of groundwater available in the region. However, this has not been sufficiently investigated. This is why the economic and social development of the region currently depends on being able to optimize the use of its scarce surface water resources. Among these, the Trebišnjica River is the most important; it is the longest sinking river in Europe with a total length of 90 km, of which about 30 km is permanent. The Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem (TMH) aims to harness the potential energy of this river. The project, which was initiated in 1959, consists of seven dams, six artificial reservoirs, six tunnels and four channels (see also Box 19.1). Producing 19.1 groundwater flow directions in Eastern Herzegovina including the border areas of Montenegro and Croatia Mostar Buna River Dubrava 280 Nevesinjsko Polje 850 Nevesinje Slato Polje Lukavačko Polje Gacko Reservoir Vrba Čapljina Opačica River Gatačko Klinje Polje Dam 950 Montenegro Krupa River Stolac Deransko Jezero RPP Čapljina Dabarsko Polje 470 Ljubinje Neretva River Embankment Krupa Metkovic Lower and upper compensation Reservoir Fatničko Polje Obod Bilećko Polje 450 Bilecá Ljubomirsko Polje 550 Ljubinjsko Polje 470 Croatia Popovo Polje 250 Ombla Dubrovnik Reservoir Bilecá Adriatic Sea PP Trebinje II Trebinje Gorica Grančarevo Dam PP Trebinje I Trebinjsko PoljeDam 270 Reservoir PP Dubrovnik Konavli 50 Sušica River Trebinje Town Ponor Spring Dam Power plant Intermittent river River Tunnel Underground connection International Boundary Note: Ponor is a natural surface opening that may be found in karstic areas. Source: Adapted from DIKTAS (2011). 144 CHapTer 19 CASE STUDIES Zalomka River FIgURE CHAPTER Neretva River B r e g a v a Rive r Trebišnjica RiverPDF Image | Water and Energy
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