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hydropower is the main priority of the TMH because exporting electricity to neighbouring countries is Eastern Herzegovina’s main source of income. However, the project also aims to provide water for all sectors, including for fish farming, for recreational purposes and for the prevention of deforestation. The TMH has not been fully implemented yet and only the lower part – from sea level up to an elevation of 400 m – is in operation. Four dams (Table 19.1) in this section have, between them, an installed capacity of 818 MW, enabling them to generate around 2,700 GWh electricity per year. The finalization of the upper part of 19.1 Technical characteristics of water reservoirs and power plants on the lower section of the Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem (TMH) Hydropower plant Reservoir capacity (million m3) Installed capacity (MW) Average annual electricity generation (gWh) Trebinje I 1 280.0 180 571 Trebinje II 15.9 8 22 Dubrovnik –* 210 1 564 Čapljina 5.2 420 620 Note: * Dubrovnik does not have reservoir capacity as the water for hydropower production flows via a tunnel from the reservoir of Trebinje II. 19.1 The Dinaric Karst and the DIKTAS project The Dinaric Karst covers a large area extending from Italy to Greece. Highly porous rock formations in this system serve as conduits that allow groundwater to cover long distances. Eastern Herzegovina, including the Trebišnjica River basin, is a part of this extensive karst formation. The main water-related challenge in Eastern Herzegovina is to deal with the regularly alternating summer droughts and winter and spring floods. One of the aims of the Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem (TMH) is to minimize this challenge, while providing other benefits to the residents of the region. Four hydropower plants (Table 19.1) were built between 1954 and 1981 as a part of the lower section of the project (Figure 19.1). These power plants are currently situated in two countries, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which formed following the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The technical challenges of water resources development in a complex karst system were further compounded by the political difficulties that set in in the aftermath of the civil war that broke out in 1992. Consequently, the realization of the upper section of TMH has been slowed down substantially as a result of limited cooperation among political entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as among neighbouring countries. Similar challenges are present in the broader setting of the Dinaric Karst, as it is the major source of freshwater for Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Aquifer System (DIKTAS) project, which is a pioneering effort that aims to introduce sustainable integrated water resources management principles in such an extensive transboundary karst aquifer system. DIKTAS is implemented by UNEP and executed by UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme. The core DIKTAS project partners – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro – agreed to create two mechanisms to facilitate enhanced consultation and the exchange of information between the government entities that are involved in water resources management: national inter-ministerial committees (NICs) in each of the project countries and a consultation and information exchange (CIE) body at the regional level. The NICs and CIE together represent the key combination of technical and political experts involved in the project who will discuss, comment and approve the project’s products, such as transboundary diagnostic analysis (TDA), environmental quality objectives, and environmental status indicators and their long-term monitoring. The NICs and CIE will have a central role in the preparation and implementation of the Strategic Action Programme aimed at harmonizing existing policy and institutional frameworks. Source: Adapted from DIKTAS (2013). WWDR 2014 hyDRoPoWER DEVEloPMEnT In EASTERn hERzEGoVInA: 145 ThE TREbIšnjICA MUlTIPURPoSE hyDRoSySTEM bOX TAblEPDF Image | Water and Energy
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