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20 desalination in gulf Cooperation Council countries Water and energy are crucial for development. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait), situated in one of the most water scarce regions of the world, are facing a critical challenge in addressing growing interdependency between these two resources. Without energy, mainly in the form of electricity, water cannot be delivered for its multiple uses. Water is also needed for energy production, notably for cooling and enhanced oil recovery processes in the region, in addition to other applications. The population of the GCC countries is almost 45 million (Markaz, 2012), and is projected to reach 70 million by 2050. This demographic growth, along with accelerated socio-economic development, has led to a substantial increase in water demand, placing further stress on scarce and mainly non-renewable water resources in the region. Growing water demand has also necessitated the use of more energy for the provision of water supply. It is estimated that water services currently account for at least 15% of national electricity consumption in most of the Arab countries. This share is continuously on the rise (Khatib, 2010). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments show that the limited amount of water that is available in the region is expected to further decline as a result of climate change and human-induced quality problems (Bates et al., 2008). Consequently, more energy will be required to treat poor quality water for drinking and food production, or to pump water from greater depths or transfer it from greater distances. The main concern linked to growing water– energy interdependency is the increasing greenhouse gas emissions which, based on current trends, are expected to double to 9% of global emissions by 2035 (Khatib, 2010). In other words, climate change is expected to increase both water and energy needs, thus creating a feedback loop of environmental deterioration. Given the region’s limited endowment of renewable water resources, desalination, mainly through cogeneration power desalting plants (CPDPs), has become a common but energy intensive method of satisfying the increasing demand for water. In fact, about 50% of the world’s desalination capacity is installed in the GCC countries (Dawoud and Al Mulla, 2012), and combined annual capacity in the region is projected to reach 19 billion m3 by as early as 2016 (GWI, 2010) (Figure 20.1). In 2005, the average share of desalinated water destined for municipal use in the GCC countries was around 55% (World Bank and AGFUND, 2005). This ratio is expected to increase gradually because of the ongoing deterioration of the quality of the groundwater. Although GCC countries are rich in fossil fuels, meeting escalating demand for water by expanding desalination has become a very hydrocarbon intensive process, claiming a sizeable portion of the main export of these countries. For example, in Saudi Arabia, which has more than 18% of the world’s desalination capacity, 25% of domestic oil and gas production is used to produce water through CPDPs. If the current trend continues, this share 20.1 Current (2010) and contracted (2016) desalination capacity in the gulf Cooperation Council countries 25 20 15 10 5 0 2010 2016 Source: GWI (2010). WWDR 2014 DESAlInATIon In GUlf CooPERATIon CoUnCIl CoUnTRIES 147 Desalination capacity (million m3/day) FIgURE CHAPTER Bahrain Oman Qatar Kuwait United Arab Emirates Saudi ArabiaPDF Image | Water and Energy
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