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this ratio is expected to grow. The total installed capacity of desalination plants in the region has reached almost half of worldwide production at the expense of intensive fossil fuel use as the main source of energy. However, environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions and the by-products of desalination require careful consideration to be able to achieve water security without sacrificing the environment. Projects aimed at using alternative and renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and biogas from wastewater can help to decouple carbon intensive energy production and the growing need for water desalination. The importance of integrated management approaches to water and energy resources as well as conservation efforts have been recognized by all countries at the highest level. Acknowledgement Waleed K. Al-Zubari References Except where other sources are cited, information in this chapter is adapted from: Al-Zubari, W.K. 2013. The Water Energy Nexus in the GCC Countries. Bahrain, Water Resources Management Program, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University. (Unpublished) *********** Abderrahman, W. and Hussain, T. 2006. Pollution impacts of desalination on ecosystems in the Arabian Peninsula. Amer, K.M. et al. (eds), Policy Perspectives for Ecosystem and Water Management in the Arabian Peninsula. Paris/Hamilton, Canada, UNESCO/UNU-INWEH. http://www.unesco.org/ ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=150698&set=529F1AF4_0_476&gp =1&lin=1&ll=1 Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S. and Palutikof, J. 2008. Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Geneva, IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate- change-water-en.pdf Darwish, M.A., Al-Najem, N.M. and Lior, N. 2009. Towards sustainable seawater desalting in the Gulf area. Desalination, 235(1–3): 58–87. Dawoud, A.M. and Al Mulla, M.M. 2012. Environmental impacts of seawater desalination: Arabian Gulf case study. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 1(3): 22–37. GWI (Global Water Intelligence). 2010. Desalination Markets 2010: Global Forecast and Analysis. Oxford, UK, GWI. Al-Hussayen, A. 2009. Inaugural speech by the Minister of Water and Electricity, Saudi Arabia. Jeddah, Saudi Water and Power Forum. Al-Jamal, K. and Schiffler, M. 2009. Desalination opportunities and challenges in the Middle East and North Africa region. N. V. Jagannathan et al. (eds), Water in the Arab World: Management Perspectives and Innovations, pp. 479–494. Washington DC, World Bank. Khatib, H. 2010. The water and energy nexus in the Arab region. Arab Water Report: Towards Improved Water Governance. Nairobi, UNDP. (Unpublished) Lattemann, S. and Höpner T. 2003. Seawater Desalination: Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharges on the Marine Environment. L’Aquila, Italy, Balaban Desalination Publications. Markaz (Kuwait Financial Centre). 2012. GCC Demographic Shift: Intergenerational Risk-Transfer at Play. Kuwait, Markaz. http://www.markaz.com/DesktopModules/CRD/Attachments/ DemographicsResearch-MarkazResearch-June%202012.pdf Al Saud, T.M. 2010. King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination. Presentation at the Saudi International Water Technology Conference, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 21 November 2011. http://kacstwatertech.org/eng/presentatoins/Day1/ Session_1_1/Turki.pdf Sustainable Energy. 2010. Regional news and trends: Saudi Arabia. Sustainable Energy, 1(3): 25. Nicosia, Middle East Economic Survey (MEES). http://www.mees.com/system/ assets/000/000/628/original_issue3.pdf UNEP-MAP/MED POL. 2003. Sea Water Desalination in the Mediterranean: Assessment and Guidelines. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 139. Athens, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)-Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts139eng. pdf World Bank and AGFUND. 2005. A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. World Bank Report No. 32539- M. Washington DC, World Bank. https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8719/325390ENGLIS H01eport0Clean006125105.pdf?sequence=1 WWDR 2014 DESAlInATIon In GUlf CooPERATIon CoUnCIl CoUnTRIES 149PDF Image | Water and Energy
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