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21 Water use efficiency in thermal power plants in india With more than 1.2 billion people, India is the second most populous country in the world – and according to estimates, it will be the most crowded nation by 2025. In parallel to its rapid population growth and increase of water consumption in all sectors, the country’s per capita water availability declined threefold over the past six decades (from over 5,000 m3 in 1951 to 1,600 m3 in 2011). Agriculture, which accounts for 85% of all water use, continues to be the national priority. Taking these factors into consideration, the combined demand for water is likely to reach or outstrip availability by 2050. This alarming projection calls for water to be mainstreamed in all planning activities nationwide. A sustainable supply of energy is vital if India is to keep its momentum as one of the fastest growing major economies in the world. In fact, the country is the fifth largest electricity producer at the global level. And yet more than half the population lacks access to electricity, and India’s per capita electricity consumption is less than one-quarter of the world average (IEA, 2011). In an attempt to close this gap in a modernizing society, electricity generation is expected to increase rapidly to reach around 4,900 TWh a year by 2050 – about six times the 2010 level. Nevertheless, India’s installed capacity is dominated by coal-based and gas-based thermal power (56%) followed by hydropower (23%). Figures demonstrate that India’s thermal power plants (TPPs) account for about 88% of the total industrial water demand in the country (CSE, n.d.). These mostly older generation TPPs run on open loop–wet (OLW) cooling systems with an average water use intensity around 40 to 80 times higher than the current world average for closed loop systems. Table 21.1 shows water use intensity in electricity generation under different fuel use categories and cooling types in India. While the national energy portfolio is complemented by increasing shares of natural gas and renewable energy resources, the abundance of national coal reserves means that the dominance of coal-based TPPs is not likely to change. The environmental impact of TPPs, especially those equipped with OLW cooling systems, is a concern. These plants release above-ambient temperature cooling water into rivers and canals, causing thermal pollution and adversely affecting the aquatic ecosystems. To minimize potential damage, India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) banned the construction of TPPs with OLW cooling systems in June 1999. The only exceptions allowed are power plants set up in coastal areas that can use seawater as a coolant. The recently introduced Zero Discharge policy also obliges operators to recirculate and reuse water in TPPs. These two regulations help to reduce the amount of water used in thermal power 21.1 Water use intensity of thermal power plants according to fuel type and cooling system Fuel type Cooling type Water use intensity of thermal power generation (m3/MWh) Coal Wet cooling–open loop 80.0–160 a Wet cooling–closed loop 2.8–3.4 b (World average: 1.2–1.5 c) Dry cooling 0.45–0.65 b Natural gas Wet cooling–closed loop 1.10–1.5 b 3.0 d Sources: a CSE (n.d.) and IL&FS (2009); b IGES (2012); c based on data collected from literature review and experts’ interviews and compiled by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA, personal communication, 1 August 2012); and d NEERI (2006). 150 CHapTer 21 CASE STUDIES TAblE CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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