PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 176
generation. However, it has been estimated that around 25% of TPPs are still using OLW cooling with high water demand. Retrofitting cooling systems that conserve water in these old plants is not considered economical. Therefore, these plants will continue to function until they eventually reach the end of their designed lifespans. As Figure 21.1 shows, switching to more efficient cooling methods in TPPs would allow a reduction in water demand of about 145 billion m3 per year by 2050. The current problem is that national planning for power generation does not fully take into account the issue of long-term water availability in the country. The findings of various basin-level studies illustrate that water availability may put the operational continuity of power plants in jeopardy. In fact, the geographical distribution of existing TPPs shows that more than 80% of these are set up in either water scarce or water stressed regions where electricity demand is expected to remain very high (Figure 21.2). Given the priority that irrigation has, followed by water for domestic use, TPPs are facing a considerable challenge to secure their required water 21.1 Projected water demand for electricity generation supply, especially during the dry season. Consequently, rainwater harvesting has become a standard proposal to win government approval for the construction of new power plants. Various scenarios (which assume medium- level economic and technological development with no stringent climate target) show that overall water demand may exceed the usable annual water availability in the country by 2050. This could further intensify existing conflicts between sectors on water use (Box 21.1). In view of the worsening situation, realigning long-term water use plans with water availability becomes a priority to avoid any potential crisis. Clearly, the relative severity of water scarcity will vary depending on the availability of renewable freshwater resources at the local level, the trends in demographics and land use, and the political influence of water user groups. However, the fact remains that the rapid depletion of limited water resources calls for more investment in research and development. Such investment is needed notably to promote water- efficient technologies in all sectors, to carry out periodic WWDR 2014 WATER USE EffICIEnCy In ThERMAl PoWER PlAnTS In InDIA 151 250 200 150 100 50 0 Indus 340 170 0km Brahmaputra Bangladesh Barak Subernarekha Brahmani and Baitarani Bay of Bengal Per capita water availability (2010) Absolute scarcity [<500 m3] Scarcity [500−1000 m3] Stress [1000−1700 m3] No Stress [>1700 m3] Thermal power plants Basin NCIWRD IGES estimate (with policy) IGES estimate (without policy) Pennar EFR WFR Note: The base year of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) model study was set at 2005 and water demand projection for electricity generation was estimated for 2010, 2025 and 2050 for comparison with National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) projections. IGES estimates water demand for the electricity sector based only on the water use intensity of power plants. The electricity sector’s water demand with policy intervention is basically considering the closed loop–wet cooling system installed after 1 June 1999 and without policy water demand is a reference estimate of continuation of use of open loop–wet cooling systems in the thermal power stations. Cauvery EFR 21.2 The water stress level of major river basins and the distribution of thermal power plants Pakistan WFR incl Sabarmati Luni Mahi Nepal Ganga Narmada WFR Arabian Sea Krishna EFR EFR 2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050 Water demand (billion m3) FIgURE FIgURE Based on Falkenmark Index [derived from average annual surface water potential] EFR: East Flowing River WFR: West Flowing River Tapi Godavari Mahanadi EFR Sources: Water scarcity map developed by the Water and Resources Institute using Central Water Commission (2010) and IDFC (2011) data; and power plant location plotting done by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) using the Global Energy Observatory database.PDF Image | Water and Energy
PDF Search Title:
Water and EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
225741e.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |