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water-use auditing that allows the prioritization of water conservation strategies in TPPs, and to foster better cost recovery for water services. Some positive developments indicate that there is a growing awareness of how to use limited water resources better and how to protect the environment. For example, National Water Mission (one of the key elements of the National Action Plan on Climate Change) aims to achieve a 20% increase in efficiency in water use in all sectors by 2017, and the National Green Tribunal asked MOEF to revise its area selection criteria for setting up TPPs in environmentally sensitive areas. Conclusion With rapid population growth, the per capita water availability in India has dipped below the alarming threshold of water stress (1,700 m3). The situation will worsen in coming years with increasing demands from the agricultural, domestic and industrial sectors. Projections made in the light of current trends show that by 2050, water demand will surpass water availability. Agriculture is, by far, the largest water user in the country and any reduction in agricultural consumption will translate into a substantial increase in water availability for other sectors and the environment. However, the energy sector also has room for improvement in reducing its water footprint. From one perspective, TPPs form the backbone of the national power supply, generating almost 60% of India’s electricity. From another, almost one-quarter of existing TPPs are equipped with open loop–wet cooling systems that use 40 to 80 times more water than the world average. A gradual transition to more water-efficient cooling systems in TPPs will reduce water demand and lessen the impact on the environment. To maintain its position among the fastest growing major economies in the world, India will have to reassess its long-term water use projections in view of general water availability, and continue to improve its water use efficiency in all sectors. Acknowledgements Bijon Kumer Mitra, Anindya Bhattacharya References Except where other sources are cited, information in this chapter is adapted from: Mitra, B.K. and Bhattacharya, A. 2013. A Critical Review of Long Term Water–Energy Nexus in India: Case Study. Kanagawa, Japan, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). (Unpublished) *********** Central Water Commission. 2010. Water and Related Statistics. New Delhi, Ministry of Water Resources. CSE (Center for Science and Environment). n.d. To use or to misuse: That is the question industries need to think over. Down to Earth Supplement. New Delhi, CSE. http://www. cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/misuse.htm (Accessed 12 Dec 2011) Hindustan Times. 2006. Power cuts to take care of water scarcity: Mayor. Hindustan Times, 22 April. http://www.hindustantimes. com/News-Feed/NM9/Powercuts-to-take-care-of-water- scarcity-Mayor/Article1-89774.aspx IDFC (Infrastructure Development Finance Company). 2011. Water: Policy and performance for sustainable development. India Infrastructure Report 2011. New Delhi, Oxford University Press. http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/IIR-2011. pdf IEA (International Energy Agency). 2011. Technology Development Prospects for the Indian Power Sector. Paris, OECD/IEA. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/technology_development_india.pdf IGES (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies). 2012. Survey of Indian power plants conducted during 2012. Water Availability for Sustainable Energy Policy: Assessing Cases in South and South East Asia. Kanagawa, Japan, IGES. 21.1 Some reported conflicts in India on the water–energy trade-off In Madhay Pradesh, power cuts were imposed to alleviate the water shortage in the region in 2006 (Hindustan Times, 2006). In Kerala, power cuts were imposed to deal with water scarcity in 2008 when monsoon rainfall was 65% less than normal (Thaindian News, 2008). In Orissa, farmers protested against the increasing rate of water allocation for thermal power generation and industrial use. In response to the protest, the state government decided to give conditional permission to construct a thermal power plant that had applied to use seawater for cooling purposes rather than river water to avoid placing further pressure on the Mahanadi River basin (UNEP Finance Initiative, 2010). Opposition to Adani power projects is growing in Nagpur. The local community believes that this power plant poses a threat to the Pench Tiger Reserves and endangers drinking water and irrigation water availability (The Times of India, 2011). All six units of the Parli thermal power plant in the Beed district of Maharashtra were shut down because of a severe water shortage in the Marathwada region. The plant had previously received water from the Khadka dam, but the supply was stopped because the water level in the dam had almost dried up (NDTV, 2013). 152 CHapTer 21 CASE STUDIES bOXPDF Image | Water and Energy
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