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23 The role of hydroelectric power stations in the aftermath of the great east Japan earthquake The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 caused unprecedented damage to a large part of eastern Japan, particularly to the regions of Tohoku and Kanto. The majority of the damage was caused by a giant tsunami that was triggered by the earthquake. Almost 18,000 people died and 400,000 buildings suffered damage. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was severely flooded, causing it to malfunction and shut down. For similar reasons, ten other reactors also went offline almost consecutively. Furthermore, the reactors, which were already shut down at the time of disaster due to their periodic inspection, remained non-operational as a result of political pressure in the aftermath of the nuclear accident in Fukushima Daiichi. As a result, nuclear power generation dropped by almost 65% compared with same period in 2010 (Figure 23.1). The earthquake and the tsunami also affected the energy output of thermal power plants in the affected regions. Consequently, ten days of rolling blackouts started three days after the natural disaster. Radioactive contamination made recovery efforts that were already hampered by widespread blackouts even more complex. In view of the sharp decline in the supply of power, the government requested the public in affected areas to reduce their electricity consumption by 15%. Also in line with the Electricity Business Act, a limit was put on the amount of power being consumed by commercial entities. To alleviate the energy crisis, dams in the service area of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and those in the vicinity of Tohoku (the main disaster region) were instructed to give priority to producing the maximum amount of hydroelectricity possible. A number of dams in the Kitakami River basin followed this directive and prioritized power generation. The Shijushida Dam operated for 24 hours on 17 March and 18 March, generating 349 MWh – or about twice its pre- earthquake output. The Gosho Dam increased its power output to 216 MWh – about 1.7 times its pre-earthquake output. The Naruko Dam, which usually stores water in mid-March (which was when the earthquake hit) for the irrigation of paddy fields, also prioritized the generation of hydroelectric power. In total, 16 dams, all directly managed by the Tohoku Regional Development Bureau at the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) shifted their main use from irrigation to electricity generation to help overcome the power shortage in the afflicted areas. To maintain a stable power supply, the Kanto Regional Development Bureau also initiated flexible dam operations on 17 March 2011 in all dams on the Sagami River basin. And by diverting flow to the Tsukui Channel, they managed to generate about 230,000 kWh of hydroelectric power – enough to meet the energy requirements of 510 households. This plan remained in operation for 45 days, until 30 April 2011. Dams on the upper Tone River, which were originally designed to supply water to downstream areas and to maintain the river environment, were also switched to maximizing their power output. The Fujiwara hydroelectric power plant, for example, generated sufficient power for about 9,000 households. All these emergency dam operations involved careful planning that factored in reservoir replenishment by snowmelt. Weather forecasts were also monitored closely to ensure that as much power as possible could be generated and that the electricity output could be sustained. 23.1 Change in domestic energy supplied by nuclear power plants between 1990 and 2011 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 156 CHapTer 23 CASE STUDIES Energy (Petajoules) FIgURE CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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