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tanks. But in an attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the city, the Kobe City authorities started to supply biogas as an auto fuel and also mixed it into the city’s gas supply in purified form. One example of how this works is the wastewater treatment plant at Higashinada, which generates 10,000 Nm3 (normal cubic metres)1 biogas per day. Following the purification process, 20% of the biogas is used to fuel vehicles, 45% is used in the in the wastewater treatment plant in which it is generated, and the remainder goes through a second level of purification before being fed into the city gas supply. Overall, the project produces 800,000 Nm3 biogas per year, which is equivalent to the annual gas consumed by 2,000 households. The project has resulted in a reduction of 1,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year. Conclusion Acknowledgements Yosuke Matsumiya, Kazuaki Yoshida References Except where other sources are cited, information in this chapter is adapted from: Matsumiya, Y. 2013. Green Energy Production from Municipal Sewage Sludge in Japan. Prepared by the International Division, Technical Department, Japan Sewage Works Association. Tokyo, Global Center for Urban Sanitation (GCUS). http:// tinyurl.com/oe5frsv (Accessed Jul 2013) *********** WNA (World Nuclear Association). n.d. Fukushima Accident. London, WNA. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety- and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident (Accessed Oct 2013) The nuclear disaster at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011 brought renewed attention to ways of producing green energy. Three case studies – from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Hiroshima City and Kobe City – show innovative ways of generating energy by using biogas and biochar derived from municipal sewage. The methods being used have also helped to reduce environmental pollution by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing the amount of waste that these municipalities need to dispose of into nature. Technological improvement is likely to further increase efficiency in the methods described and pave the way for a wider adoption of programmes that turn common waste into a rich green energy resource. 1 Normal cubic metres (Nm3) describes the volume of gas under standard temperature and pressure conditions. WWDR 2014 GREEn EnERGy PRoDUCTIon fRoM MUnICIPAl SEWAGE SlUDGE In jAPAn 159PDF Image | Water and Energy
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