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28 Water and energy linkage in austin, Texas, Usa Austin, home of the state government, is situated near the centre of energy-rich and water-stressed Texas. It has been among the fastest growing major cities in the United States of America (USA) for much of the past decade, with an estimated population in 2011 of 820,000 – which represents growth of more than 80% since 1990 (Toohey, 2012). This rapid growth continues to put pressure on the public electricity and water suppliers, Austin Energy and Austin Water, to provide reliable services while also promoting environmental sustainability and fiscal responsibility. Communication and cooperation between these two entities, while also enabling public engagement, helps to drive innovation in the fields of energy and water conservation. Historically, Austin has relied on the Colorado River, which runs through the state, as its sole water source. A new, reclaimed water programme is now providing around 2% of supply. The city has pre-purchased rights to divert 360 million m3 water per year from the Colorado River for municipal use. A new treatment plant is under construction and is expected to be in operation in 2014. This will add 200,000 m3 capacity to the water supply system each day. Austin Water serves 200,000 connections over an area of approximately 1,400 km2. Austin Energy is the eighth-largest public electricity utility in the USA, with a diverse generation capacity of over 3,100 MW (Table 28.1). The utility serves more than 400,000 customers, approximately 90% of whom are residential users. Austin Water is Austin Energy’s fifth-largest consumer, using 210,000 MWh electricity to pump and treat 300 million m3 water, including 100 million m3 wastewater (Austin Energy, n.d.). Energy and water conservation initiatives have their origins in both city policy and citizen-led efforts. For example, housed within Austin Energy, the Green Building programme has guided resource use efficiency in Austin since 1990. A citizen driven effort to stop a large development being built over a local aquifer the same year catalysed the adoption of the city’s Save Our Springs ordinance in 1992 – an initiative that has shaped development patterns while also ensuring sustainable use of water resources and protecting their quality. To optimize water and energy use while keeping costs down, both supply-side and demand-side measures are taken at the city level. For example, Austin Water and Austin Energy constantly measure critical parameters such as the amount of energy used in providing water services, water use in thermoelectricity generation and the average water use in water and energy services. Ongoing efforts in place since the 1980s conserve water and electricity. They have brought about a reduction in demand (Box 28.1) and this has allowed both Austin Energy and Austin Water to postpone building major new facilities. In fact, Austin Energy has invested in demand-side conservation of 700 MW with an additional 800 MW peak-day demand target by 2020. Over the same period, comprehensive water conservation efforts, including a tiered rate structure and weekly watering schedules for landscaped areas, have helped to reduce peak seasonal demand and keep daily residential water consumption levels below 400 litres per person on average. The city’s free distribution of high-efficiency kitchen and bathroom aerators and showerheads, along with rebates to eligible groups buying high-efficiency dishwashers, washing machines, auxiliary water and irrigation system upgrades, 28.1 Austin Energy resources and generation capacities in 2013 Type Capacity (MW) Coal 600 Nuclear 400 Gas 1 544 Biomass 12 Wind 560 Solar 31 168 CHapTer 28 CASE STUDIES TAblE CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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