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has added further energy savings by reducing customers’ end-use energy for heating and on-site pumping (ACEEE, n.d.). The two utilities also collaborate in generating renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions: an innovative thin-film rooftop solar panel system has offset the energy demand of the Austin Water service centre (approximately 7,000 m2) since late 2010. Likewise, a cogeneration system that uses biogas generated at the city’s Hornsby Bend wastewater sludge treatment plant meets that facility’s entire energy requirements for electricity and heat. It also has the additional real potential – which is still being investigated – to provide compressed natural gas for its own equipment and transport demands, which would result in an essentially net-zero-energy facility. To further reduce its carbon emissions, Austin Water switched in 2011 to Austin Energy’s 100% wind energy programme, Green Choice. This allowed an 85% reduction in the water utility’s greenhouse gas emissions. The remaining 15% is related to transport and direct emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from the treatment processes. As a part of its environmentally conscious service policy, Austin Water reduces its energy requirement during times of peak electricity demand in order to reduce grid loads. Finally, Austin Water and Austin Energy are both participants in the Pecan Street Project, an integrated smart-grid demonstration and research effort based in Austin and run in partnership with the University of Texas at Austin and other key stakeholders in energy, water and sustainability (Pecan Street Research Institute, 2010). In a study being conducted over a five-year period, project participants are testing how smart metering of the consumption of electricity, water and gas, in concert with interventions like smart appliances, management systems and pricing models, can change the way households use utility services – and may change the way utilities engage with each other and with their customers. Conclusion The Austin, Texas case study illustrates how a fast- growing major US city with publicly owned water and electricity utilities can craft integrative and strategic programmes and policies that help to meet the needs of the public while also helping each sector. Initiatives promoting the efficient use of water and electricity over the past two decades have allowed utilities to postpone major supply expansion efforts; although with the city’s continued growth, both water and electricity utilities are expanding their supply capacity while carrying on with their demand reduction and management efforts. Several recent and ongoing projects highlight the cooperation between the two utilities and the opportunities for synergies across sectors. Austin Water’s reclaimed water programme reduces overall surface water withdrawals and provides water at a low cost to energy generation facilities operated by Austin Energy and the University of Texas. Austin Water has tracked its energy use both spatially and temporally in order to come to a better understanding of the energy embedded in its services and to identify opportunities in emerging energy markets. Austin Energy reports on the energy savings associated 28.1 Water and energy conservation efforts in Austin Since 2006, reclaimed water has been pumped to Austin Energy’s Sand Hill Energy Center from the nearby South Austin Regional wastewater treatment plant. Once on site, the water is further processed to be used as coolant for the combined- cycle power generation unit. Austin Energy completed a pilot study in January 2013 to test the feasibility of using reclaimed water for other systems that currently require tap water. The results were favourable, and by 2015, the percentage of reclaimed water being used is expected to increase. In addition to consuming less water, the subsidized rate of the reclaimed water, which is approximately 10% of the cost of tap water, will save the Sand Hill Energy Center money (Jake Spelman, Austin Energy, personal communication). And because Sand Hill is located next to the South Austin Regional wastewater treatment plant, Austin Water estimates the energy needed to transport the reclaimed water is around 40% less than the energy needed to provide potable water from more distant facilities. Another notable example of water and energy working together is at the University of Texas flagship campus in Austin, which operates its own 140 MW power plant. The campus was connected to Austin Water’s reclaimed water programme in April 2013, which allowed it to use reclaimed water for irrigation on the campus, to cool its power plant and to provide air conditioning to the campus through a chilled water infrastructure. WWDR 2014 WATER AnD EnERGy lInKAGE In AUSTIn, TExAS, USA 169 bOXPDF Image | Water and Energy
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