PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 196
29 The use of and prospects for geothermal energy in Turkey Turkey is an emerging market country, and the world’s seventeenth largest economy (MFA, 2013). As part of its process of rapid growth and industrialization, Turkey’s energy demand is forecast to grow by 6% to 8% annually by 2020, requiring an additional 50,000 MW to be added to the national grid (Lally, 2011). However, the country is energy poor, and the vast majority of domestic demand is met by importing fossil fuel. This imposes a significant burden on the economy. The national energy bill in 2012 was US$60 billion, which was an 11% increase on 2011 (Hürriyet, 2013). Because this trend seems certain to continue, the diversification of Turkey’s energy supply is critical. In contrast to its limited oil and gas reserves, Turkey has a range of renewable energy resources, including access to wind power, hydropower, solar power, geothermal energy and biomass. Notably, Turkey is ranked as the seventh most promising country in the world in terms of geothermal energy potential (GEA, 2012). With proper planning and sufficient investment, its rich geothermal resources can help to lessen its dependence on external sources of energy (Box 29.1). The advantage of geothermal energy is that it is clean and releases negligible amounts of greenhouse gas – if any at all – into the atmosphere. Its use in homes and in commercial operations has shown that it can account for savings as high as 80% when compared with using fossil fuels (US DOE, 2013). Turkey’s first ventures into geothermal research were initiated by the national institutions in the 1960s. While a thorough exploration and evaluation is yet to be completed, over 200 low to medium enthalpy geothermal fields have been discovered in various locations. These fields contain fluid and steam at temperatures lower than 200°C, which makes them suitable for direct use applications such as district heating, space heating, balneology, aquaculture and greenhouse heating. Of these, district heating is one of the main applications of geothermal energy in Turkey. The first of these systems was set up in 1983. Then, between 1991 and 2006, 19 additional district heating systems were installed (Serpen et al., 2010). The biggest one in İzmir-Balçova has equivalent heating capacity for 35,000 residences. In view of the growing demand for electricity, the Turkish government introduced Law 5346 and Law 5686. Law 5346, the Renewable Energy Law, entered into force in 2005 and deals with the use of renewable energy resources for the purpose of electrical power generation. It sets a fixed feed-in tariff for various energy resources, and gives incentives for renewables. It also encourages the local governorships and municipalities to benefit from the geothermal resources within their jurisdictions by building and operating geothermal district heating systems. The Amending Law 6094 came into effect in 2011 to introduce further incentives to encourage investments. 29.1 The importance of geothermal energy in Turkey Almost 80% of Turkey’s energy consumption is met by imports. The extent of this reliance – particularly on natural gas – threatens the essentials of the country’s sustainable development model seriously. Added to this, Turkey's continued dependence on fossil fuels will contribute to global warming and to rapid worsening of the environment and air quality in the country. In this context, geothermal energy has a major contribution to make to Turkey’s energy diversification strategy. If it were to use its geothermal potential fully, Turkey would be capable of meeting 5% of its electricity needs and 30% of its heat requirements from geothermal sources – which corresponds to 14% of its total energy needs. Generally speaking, the cost of producing geothermal power is higher than that of classic fuels (US EIA, 2013). However, cost comparisons are highly subject to fluctuation, and the ongoing efforts for advances in geothermal power production technologies may make this cost relationship more favourable for geothermal energy (Erdoğdu, 2009). WWDR 2014 ThE USE of AnD PRoSPECTS foR GEoThERMAl EnERGy In TURKEy 171 bOX CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
PDF Search Title:
Water and EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
225741e.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)