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Law 5686, known as the Geothermal Law, was passed in 2007. It deals with geothermal resources and natural mineral waters. Among the purposes of this Law are to set rules and principles for the search for and exploration, development and production of geothermal resources. It also sets rules for the protection of these resources, including regulations that govern how to make economic use of them in compliance with environment protection guidelines, and sets out how they should be reclaimed after use. As a result of these laws, Turkey’s capacity for geothermal electricity production has increased by more than 100% since 2009 (Figure 29.1). Most of this growth has been realized by the private sector. The installed capacity is expected to reach 750 MWe by the end of 2018 (Table 29.1). Concerning other uses of geothermal energy, at the end of 2012, Turkey had an installed capacity of 2,705 MWt for direct use applications – a 30% increase on 2010 values. Overall, geothermal district heating projects have been put into use in 16 cities and are expected to grow fivefold in capacity between 2014 and 2018. While reaching the 2018 targets (Table 29.1) requires an investment of approximately US$5 billion, the economic value to be generated is estimated to be around US$32 billion per year. It is also expected to create employment for 300,000 people. The use of geothermal energy has proved to be environmentally friendly and economically competitive when compared with fossil fuel alternatives. For example, in Turkey, geothermal heating typically costs 60% less than its natural gas equivalent. Overall, the country’s current installed capacity of geothermal energy allows an annual saving of approximately US$1 billion, which would otherwise have to be spent on importing natural gas. Conclusion In 2012, Turkey spent US$60 billion on gas and oil imports to meet the energy demands of its swiftly growing economy. This bill will continue to rise in parallel with increasing energy use in the country and the price of fuel on the international markets. Given its considerable potential to generate energy from wind, hydropower, solar power, geothermal resources and biomass, renewable energy constitutes a plausible alternative to fossil fuels. Among these, geothermal energy deserves special attention as Turkey is ranked the seventh most promising country in the world in terms of its rich potential. As a result of the legal framework set by Law 5346, Law 5686 and Law 6094, the private sector has been actively involved in developing geothermal fields to generate electricity and for direct-use applications such as district heating, greenhouse heating and in thermal 29.1 Trend in geothermal electricity production 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Source: Mertoğlu and Başarır (2013). 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 29.1 Use of geothermal resources in Turkey, and projections for 2018 Type of utilization Installed capacity (2012) 2018 Projections Geothermal district heating 89 443 residences equivalence (805 MWt) 500 000 residences equivalence (4 000 MWt) Greenhouse heating 2832000m2 (612 MWt) 6000000m2 (2 040 MWt) Balneological use 350 thermal facilities equivalence (870 MWt) (16 million visitors annually) 400 thermal facilities equivalence (1 100 MWt) Electricity generation 168 MWe 750 MWe Note: 1 residence equivalent = 100 m2. Source: TMD (2013). 172 CHapTer 29 CASE STUDIES TAblE FIgURE Geothermal electricity production (MWe)PDF Image | Water and Energy
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