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29 Water footprint of energy generation by fuel Conventional gas Coal Shale gas Refined oil (conventional)* Refined oil (oil sands)** Gas-to-liquids Coal-to-liquids Refined oil (EOR)*** Lignocellulosic ethanol**** Palm oil biodiesel Rapeseed biodiesel Soybean biodiesel Corn ethanol Sugar cane ethanol <1 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Litres per toe Withdrawal Consumption 30 Water use for electricity generation by cooling technology Wind Solar PV CSP* Geothermal** Gas CCGT Gas CCGT Gas CCGT (CCS) Coal IGCC Coal IGCC (CCS) Fossil steam Fossil steam (CCS) Nuclear Gas CCGT Fossil steam Nuclear Gas CCGT Fossil steam Nuclear Withdrawal Consumption <1 101 102 103 104 105 106 Litres per MWh Note: * The minimum is for primary recovery; the maximum is for secondary recovery. ** The minimum is for in-situ production, the maximum is for surface mining. *** Includes carbon dioxide injection, steam injection and alkaline injection and in-situ combustion. **** Excludes water use for crop residues allocated to food production. toe, tonne of oil equivalent (1 toe = 11.63 MWh = 41.9 GJ). Ranges shown are for ‘source-to-carrier’ primary energy production, which includes withdrawals and consumption for extraction, processing and transport. Water use for biofuels production varies considerably because of differences in irrigation needs among regions and crops; the minimum for each crop represents non-irrigated crops whose only water requirements are for processing into fuels. EOR, enhanced oil recovery. For numeric ranges, see http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org. Source: IEA (2012, fig. 17.3, p. 507, based on sources cited therein). World Energy Outlook 2012 © OECD/IEA. IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris, OECD/IEA. Note: * Includes trough, tower and Fresnel technologies using tower, dry and hybrid cooling, and Stirling technology. ** Includes binary, flash and enhanced geothermal system technologies using tower, dry and hybrid cooling. Ranges shown are for the operational phase of electricity generation, which includes cleaning, cooling and other process related needs; water used for the production of input fuels is excluded. Fossil steam includes coal-, gas- and oil-fired power plants operating on a steam cycle. Reported data from power plant operations are used for fossil-steam once-through cooling; other ranges are based on estimates summarized in the sources cited. Solar PV, solar photovoltaic; CSP, concentrating solar power; CCGT, combined-cycle gas turbine; IGCC, integrated gasification combined-cycle; CCS, carbon capture and storage. For numeric ranges, see http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org. Source: IEA (2012, fig. 17.4, p. 510, from sources cited therein). World Energy Outlook 2012 © OECD/IEA. IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris, OECD/IEA. WWDR 2014 DATA AnD InDICAToRS AnnEx 195 Once- Cooling Cooling tower Dry Other/none through pond INDICATOR INDICATORPDF Image | Water and Energy
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