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1 Introduction This thesis work has been carried out as a part of the research projects on organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology at Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT). The labora- tory of Fluid Dynamics at LUT has a long history of the research on high-speed turboma- chinery. Several research projects and test setups have been realized during the years on high-speed turbines, compressors, refrigeration machines, and ORC power plants. The high-speed technology concept allows the design of compact and maintenance free pro- cesses that are completely hermetic. Several dissertations and research papers have been published in the field of high-speed technology, presenting the main findings on the nu- merical and experimental work done on turbine and compressor research for different applications. The results presented in this thesis are a continuation of the research on ORC power plants adopting high-speed turbogenerator technology. The growing concerns on the negative environmental impacts of energy production sys- tems based on the use of fossil fuels have been increasing during the last decades. The use of renewable energy sources and the production of carbon neutral energy can be identi- fied as potential solutions, in tackling the problems related to the threat of global warming. Systems based on ORC have been identified as a potential candidate in small-scale and low-temperature energy systems in producing electricity with minor environmental im- pacts. The working principle of ORC power plants is based on the conventional Rankine process, but an organic substance is adopted in the cycle instead of steam. The ORC tech- nology has been proven successful in geothermal power, small biomass power plants, as well as in small-scale and low-temperature waste heat recovery applications, such as the exhaust gas heat recovery from reciprocating engines and gas turbines and in the utiliza- tion of low grade industrial waste heat (Schuster et al., 2009; Tchanche et al., 2011). This thesis presents the main findings of studies on implementing the ORC technology to recover waste heat streams of existing prime movers. Two main applications were se- lected for the study: the exhaust gas heat recovery from small-scale diesel engines that can be found in numerous applications such as remote stationary power systems and mobile vehicles and the heat recovery from industrial-scale power plant engines. The selection of the studied applications was based on the literature review and knowledge gained from the industrial partners that have been participating in the research projects. The objectives of this study can generally be divided into four parts: 1) To identify potential working fluid candidates for the studied waste heat recovery appli- cations and to discuss the effect of working fluid selection on the design and optimization of ORCs. 2) To study the design of micro-scale ORCs adopting high-speed turbogenerator technol- ogy. 3) To study the design and loss mechanisms of supersonic radial turbines, adopting high 15PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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