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16 1 Introduction molecular complexity working fluids. 4) To study the potential of the exhaust gas and charge air heat recovery in industrial scale power plant engines. The structure of the thesis is as follows: Chapter 2, Organic Rankine Cycle, describes the main principles and features of ORC power systems and shortly presents the most com- mon ORC applications, cycle configuration options, as well as the special features related to the design of ORC turbomachinery based on a literature review. Chapter 3, Numeri- cal methods, presents the numerical methods used in this thesis work in the design and modelling of ORC power systems, as well as the methods used in the turbine design and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow analysis. Chapter 4, Study on dry ORC work- ing fluids, presents the main results of a study on special features related to the use of fluids from different fluid groups that have been identified as suitable in ORC systems as well as discusses the effect of critical temperature of the fluid on the ORC design. In addi- tion, the main results of a simplified radial turbine design with different working fluids as a function of turbine power are presented. Chapter 5, Siloxanes as working fluids in mini ORC systems, discusses the use of siloxanes as working fluids in micro-scale ORC pro- cesses adopting high-speed turbogenerator technology for waste heat recovery in small diesel engines. Chapter 6, Radial turbine design for a micro-ORC test setup, presents a detailed design and flow analysis of a supersonic small-scale ORC turbine, adopting working fluid with high molecular complexity. Chapter 7, Waste heat recovery of large scale reciprocating engine, presents the main results of a work aiming to study the heat recovery potential in industrial scale reciprocating engines as well as presents the experi- mental results for the charge air heat utilization by means of an experimental ORC setup. Chapter 8, Summary and recommendations, summarizes the main findings presented in this thesis as well as contains recommendations and suggestions for the future research. The literature review has been carried out solely by the author. The numerical work pre- sented in this thesis has been carried out by the author, including the thermodynamic calculations, turbine design calculations, and the CFD calculations. The thermodynamic analysis tool and the turbine design tool have been developed at LUT, and they were fur- ther modified for the current study by the author. The measurements presented in Chapter 7 were carried out at the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) and were not made by the author. The post processing of the experimental results has been carried out by the author and Juha Honkatukia. The first scientific contribution of this work is to provide knowledge on the selection of suitable working fluids for small-scale ORCs adopting turbine technology and high- light the most important aspects in the design of small-scale high-expansion ratio radial turbines for ORC applications. The second scientific contribution of this work is the nu- merical and experimental work on studying the utilization of different waste heat streams by means of ORC in industrial-scale engine power plants.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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