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2 Organic Rankine Cycles 2.1 Working principle Power conversion systems based on the conventional Rankine process are a widely im- plemented technology in different types of power plants. However, the use of steam as the working fluid may not be feasibe if the power level is low or if the temperature level of the process is low, mainly due to the difficulties related to the turbine design and ob- tainable efficiency with steam (Larjola, 1995). When adopting organic fluids instead of steam the low temperature heat streams can be utilized more efficiently, if the turbine inlet temperature level is below approximately 400 oC or if the power level is below 1 MW - 2 MW(Angelino and Moroni, 1973; Larjola, 1995; Hung et al., 1997). Working fluids can be divided into three categories, based on the shape of the saturated vapor line in a temperature-entropy diagram. Fluids having a positive slope (dT /ds) can be identified as dry fluids, fluids with a nearly infinitely large slope as isentropic fluids, and fluids having a negative slope as wet fluids (Hung et al., 1997). Examples of the saturation vapor line of a wet, an isentropic, and a dry fluid are presented in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: Examples of a wet, an isentropic, and a dry fluid in a T ,s-diagram. The main components of a simple ORC are the evaporator, expander, condenser, and a feed pump. The ORC expander can be a turbine (Angelino et al., 1984; Larjola, 1995) or an expander classified as a volumetric expander, namely a screw (Wang et al., 2011), a piston (Seher et al., 2012), or a scroll expander (Lemort et al., 2009; Quoilin et al., 2010). If a working fluid having a dry expansion is used in the process, and thus, the working fluid vapor exits the expander at a superheated state, a recuperator can be used to improve the cycle efficiency. The recuperator is an internal heat exchanger in which the liquid working fluid entering the evaporator can be preheated by using the superheated vapor exiting the expander (Angelino et al., 1984). A simplified process flow diagram of a typical ORC process, having a recuperator, is presented in Figure 2.2. A simplified T ,s-diagram of a subcritical ORC process, having a saturated expander inlet state, is pre- sented in Figure 2.3a, a slightly superheated ORC process is presented in Figure 2.3b and a supercritical process in Figure 2.3c. 17PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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