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20 2 Organic Rankine Cycles 2.2.2 Working fluid selection and process design considerations Several studies have been carried out to study the use of different working fluids and optimal working parameters for different ORC applications. Hung et al. (1997) studied several working fluid candidates for recovering waste heat. They concluded that the shape of the saturation vapor curve of the fluid has a large effect on the system design and per- formance. They also concluded that the cycle efficiency is a weak function of the turbine inlet temperature, but an increase of superheating at the turbine inlet will not result in a significant increase in the cycle efficiency in all the cases. Saleh et al. (2007) studied the use of 31 working fluids for low-temperature organic Rankine cycles including alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ethers, and fluorinated ethers. They studied the use of different work- ing fluids in a low-temperature application, concentrating on temperature levels typical to geothermal heat power plants, and the maximum temperature of the working fluid was limited to 100 oC in their study. Both subcritical and supercritical pressure level processes were studied. They concluded that when using fluids having a dry expansion, a decrease in the process thermal efficiency can be observed by superheating the fluid. Liu et al. (2004) studied the influence of using different working fluids in ORCs. Their results showed that the cycle thermal efficiency for various working fluids is a weak func- tion of the critical temperature of the fluid and the use of fluids having a hydrogen bond in certain molecules, such as water, ammonia, and ethanol, results in a wet expansion and are regarded as inappropriate for ORC systems. Chen et al. (2010) studied 35 working fluids, including wet, isentropic, and dry fluids for ORCs including supercritical cycles. They concluded that the selection of working fluid has a significant impact on the obtainable cycle performance, and their study indicated that the fluids categorized as isentropic or dry are preferred in ORCs. According to their study, the working fluids can be evaluated based on several criteria, such as the thermodynamic and physical properties, stability and compatibility, environmental impacts, safety, and availability, as well as cost. Their conclusion was that no single fluid could be identified that would meet all the discussed criteria for cycles utilizing different heat sources with different temperature levels. Angelino and Colonna (1998) studied the use of siloxane mixtures as working fluids in ORCs. They concluded that by using a working fluid mixture instead of single fluid the working fluid can be better matched to the heat source in the evaporator and to the heat sink in the condenser because of the non-isothermal phase change. Schuster et al. (2010) carried out a study on supercritical ORCs. Their results showed that by using supercritical fluid conditions a higher cycle efficiency can be obtained when compared to a subcritical cycle. Karellas et al. (2012) studied the design of heat exchangers for supercritical ORCs. They presented a method to calculate and design heat exchangers for supercritical fluid conditions and concluded that experimental studies are necessary to validate the presented method because the heat transfer mechanisms with fluid conditions near the critical point are relatively unknown. Quoilin et al. (2011) studied both the thermodynamic and economic optimization of aPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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