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22 2 Organic Rankine Cycles 2.2.3 Studies on waste heat recovery by means of ORC from diesel and gas engines and gas turbines Sprouse III and Depcik (2013) reviewed the literature related to studies on heat recovery of diesel engines by means of Rankine cycles. They summarized that the Rankine pro- cesses using steam or organic fluids have been more attractive in the waste heat recovery applications when compared to the Brayton, Stirling, Kalina, and supercritical CO2 cycles because the Rankine cycles are relatively simple, representing comparably high efficiency and low component costs. They concluded that the high fuel prices and concerns about the environmental impacts led to the first studies on using the ORC technology in improving the energy efficiency in cars and long haul trucks. They also concluded that the recently published research papers, sponsored by large companies, are showing a renewed interest towards the use of this type of waste heat recovery systems(Sprouse III and Depcik, 2013). Angelino and Moroni (1973) made one of the first studies on recovering waste heat of different prime movers. They concluded that by using an organic fluid instead of steam, a larger amount of heat can be extracted to the waste heat process when a relatively low- temperature exhaust gas stream is used as the heat source. They estimated that by using the ORC as a bottoming cycle it is possible to generate 12 % additional power, and their results showed that the combined cycle efficiencies around 47 % could be achieved from low-speed diesel engine when a waste heat recovery system was added. More recent studies on utilizing waste heat from large-scale engines have been carried out by Bombarda et al. (2010) as well as by Vaja and Gambrotta (2010). These stud- ies have concentrated mainly on the utilization of the exhaust gas heat. Bombarda et al. (2010) carried out a study comparing ORC and Kalina processes utilizing exhaust gas heat streams from two 8.9 MW diesel engines. Their results showed that the ORC technology has certain advantages in this kind of applications due to lower pressure levels, simpler turbine, and less corrosive fluids when compared to Kalina cycles. The thermodynamic efficiencies of the Kalina and ORC processes obtained from the simulations were compa- rably similar. The electrical power produced using the Kalina cycle was 1615 kW, while using the ORC, a power output of 1603 kW was achieved. The electrical efficiency of the studied diesel engine was 46.0 % without a bottoming cycle, and the electrical effi- ciencies of 50.2 % and 50.1 % were obtained when using the Kalina cycle and the ORC as the bottoming cycle, respectively. The working fluid used in the ORC was siloxane MM, and a recuperator was used. According to their study, also the heat streams from jacket cooling water, charge air, and lube oil system are available, but no further analy- sis utilizing these low-temperature heat sources was conducted. The waste heat recovery from a natural gas-fired medium-speed engine was studied by Vaja and Gambrotta (2010). The electrical power of the studied engine was 3 MW, the exhaust gas temperature was about 470 ◦C, and the rated electrical efficiency of the studied engine was 41.8 %. It was evaluated that there was a capacity of 1700 kW available by cooling the exhaust gases to 120 ◦C and approximately 1000 kW from the engine cooling water. Three different ORC cycle configurations were adopted to utilize the waste heat streams. First, using aPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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