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2.2 Literature review 23 simple ORC cycle utilizing exhaust gases only; second, using a simple ORC cycle with the engine cooling water implemented to preheat the organic fluid; and third, using an ORC cycle with a recuperator utilizing exhaust gases only. Also three different working mediums were studied; namely benzene, R11, and R134a. They concluded that it was possible to achieve a significant efficiency increase using the ORC as a bottoming cycle. The highest electrical efficiency, 47.1 %, was achieved using benzene as a working fluid, and using the ORC cycle with a recuperator or the ORC cycle with preheating. Another conclusion was that the use of preheating leads to a simpler heat exchanger compared to the use of a recuperator. The waste heat recovery in small-scale engines has been studied recently as well. Wang et al. (2012) studied a dual-loop ORC process having two waste heat recovery cycles. The studied engine was a four stroke gasoline engine having a power output of 130 kW. First, using the exhaust gas heat in high temperature ORC loop using R245fa as working fluid, and second, utilizing the low-temperature heat of the engine coolant by using R134a as the working fluid. Their results indicated that 9.6 kW net power output was obtained from the exhaust gas heat and 26.4 kW was obtained from the engine cooling system. Srinivasan et al. (2010) studied the exhaust gas heat recovery using ORC. They used test data available from a 1-cylinder dual-fuel test engine where supercharging was simulated using compressed air and exhaust gas pressure regulation. A simple ORC cycle (without a recuperator) was studied using R11 as a working fluid. Simulations were performed using different injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation levels, and an average of 20 % increase on the total power output was noticed when using the ORC. Seher et al. (2012) presented a study on the exhaust gas heat recovery system for commercial vehi- cles and considered the potential working fluids and expander types. Both the production of the mechanical power and the electrical power were considered, and an experimental study was conducted for a system having a piston expander and for a system having a turbine. Based on their results they concluded that the most favorable system consists a piston expander using water or ethanol as the working fluid or a turbine using ethanol as the working fluid. They considered the use of siloxane MM, toluene, and R245fa as unfeasible in the system when using a piston expander because the volumetric flow rate of these fluids is high and would lead to a large sized and low efficiency piston expander. Waste heat recovery of high efficiency gas turbines by means of ORCs was studied by Chacartegui et al. (2009), and their results showed that the ORC technology is a potential technology in utilizing the exhaust gas heat from gas turbines, especially if the exhaust gas temperature is relatively low. They considered toluene and cyclohexane as the most potential fluids based on the obtained cycle efficiency. The study estimated that this type of combined cycle would be economically interesting for medium- and large-scale power plants if the capital cost of gas turbine would be under 350 C/kW and the capital costs of ORC system would be under 2000 C/kW. Waste heat recovery from a micro-scale gas turbine was studied by Invernizzi et al. (2007). The electric power output of the studied micro gas turbine was 100 kW, and the exhaust gas temperature level was in range from 250 ◦C to 300 ◦C. Several fluids were considered, including siloxanes and hydrocarbons.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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