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2.2 Literature review 27 molecular complexity (LMC) fluids, which are made of molecularly simple molecules. For low molecular complexity fluids real-gas effects are limited to quantitative deviations with respect to ideal-gas fluid dynamics behavior. Fluids having 0 < Γ < 1 in a fi- nite thermodynamic region and hence (∂a/∂v)s > 0 can be identified as high molecular complexity fluids (HMC). For HMC fluids also qualitative differences in fluid dynamics behavior can be observed in the real-gas region. Most notable is the increase in the speed of sound upon isentropic expansion, possibly leading to a local decrease in the Mach number, which instead increases monotonically for an isentropic ideal-gas expansion in the turbine (Harinck et al., 2009). In the study by Colonna et al. (2006a) it was reported that when using molecularly com- plex working fluids, such as siloxane MDM, significant deviations when compared to ideal gas behaviour, including the increase in the speed of sound along the expansion, were noticed with reduced inlet pressure pt,in/pcrit = 0.56 and with reduced inlet temper- ature Tt,in/Tcrit = 0.95, especially at the first part of the expansion in a supersonic axial turbine stator. Thus, the design of ORC turbines requires the use of accurate thermody- namic models to predict the real gas effects of the flow, especially when adopting working fluids having a high molecular complexity or when the expansion occurs relatively close to the critical point of the fluid, in order to design turbines with a high efficiency and desired performance (Colonna et al., 2006a; Turunen-Saaresti et al., 2006; Harinck et al., 2010). Despite several studies on the use of high-expansion ratio radial inflow turbines for ORC systems, general guidelines to design such expanders, especially for small power output systems, are lacking in the literature at the moment. In addition, only a few studies have been published presenting and discussing experimental results related to the operation and performance of high expansion ratio ORC turbines. 2.2.6 Conclusions and discussions based on the literature Based on the literature review, the following conclusions were made: • The most technologically mature ORC applications can be found in large-scale geother- mal power plants and biomass power plants having the power range from 0.5 MW to 5 MW. In addition, the applications in the field of waste heat recovery have been commer- cially succesfull in a smaller scale. • Several relatively new applications such as waste heat recovery in mobile applications and domestic scale ORCs have been studied recently. • The working fluid selection and the achieved efficiency varies significantly depending on the selected application, power scale, temperature levels, cycle configuration, and the expander type.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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