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28 2 Organic Rankine Cycles • Despite several efforts aiming to identify the most suitable working fluids, no single working fluid can be identified as the best for all applications and temperature levels. Thus, a detailed working fluid selection study has to be carried out when designing new ORC systems for different applications. • The working fluid selection and the cycle working parameters are highly affected by the selected objective function; in other words, whether the selection of working fluid and process design is based on maximising the system power output, maximising the eco- nomical profitability, optimizing the size of the process equipment, or on environmental considerations. • Most of the small-scale ORC systems are designed for low-temperature applications, presenting low cycle efficiencies and small expansion ratios over the expander. Thus, a volumetric expander is considered in most of the cases. • Only few studies have been published discussing the design of small-scale ORC tur- bines and presenting experimental results for high-expansion ratio ORC turbines. 2.3 ORC process based on high-speed turbogenerator technology One interesting technical solution in the field of ORC technology is based on the use of high-speed turbogenerators. High-speed turbogenerator concept consists of a turbine, generator, and a feed pump coupled onto a single shaft having a high rotational speed of typically more than 10 000 rpm (Larjola, 1988; Larjola, 1995; van Buijtenen et al., 2003). A schematic process flow diagram of an ORC process based on high-speed technology is presented in Figure 2.4, and a cut-off of a typical high-speed turbogenerator is shown in Figure 2.5. The advantages in using high-speed turbogenerators are the compact size, when compared to turbines having a low rotational speed and a gear box; no need for external lubrication circuit; availability for hermetic design; and the reliability of the turbogenerator system (Larjola, 1988; Larjola, 1995; van Buijtenen et al., 2003). A separate pre-feed pump can be added to the system to prevent cavitation at the inlet of the main feed pump, which is connected to the turbogenerator shaft. Few prototypes based on this concept have been built and tested for heat recovery appli- cations (Larjola, 1988; Larjola, 1995; van Buijtenen et al., 2003) and for recharge station of deep sea submersibles (Jokinen, 1998), as well as considered for distributed biomass power plants (Heinimo ̈, 2004). A heat recovery unit having a power output of 160 kW and using toluene as working fluid has been successfully commercialized (van Buijtenen, 2009).PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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